https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w This timeline focuses on Latinx history in the US from 1931-1980. Please place your items on the timeline and drag them to the proper place so that they are in chronological order from left to right. en-us 2021-02-02 03:32:49 UTC 2024-10-15 00:12:04 UTC hello@padlet.com grosenkranz1 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159188223 Operation Bootstrap involved a series of projects initiated by the Puerto Rican government and governor Luis Muñoz Marín’ aimed at the industrialization and modernization of Puerto Rico. Previously, Puerto Rico had been a primarily agrarian based economy. But Bootstrap involved tax exemptions for foreign corporations to boost direct investment and modernize the economy. Puerto Rico became a hub of manufacturing, especially for American corporations, and the industrialization efforts were successful. However, there were not enough jobs created by these new industries to replace old agricultural jobs, and millions of Puerto Ricans migrated to the United States during the next few decades. Additionally, much of the profits ended up in the hands of American corporations rather than within Puerto Rico's economy. Bootstrap and its lasting effects on the Puerto Rican economy are a big reason why many Puerto Ricans have migrated to the United States. Additionally, this modernization effort though effective proves some of the negative aspects of globalization, as Puerto Rico's economy is highly dependent on foreign technology and corporations. ]]> 2021-02-03 15:15:11 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159188223 dnguyen821 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159198085 Due to protests and lobbies by the Mexican American community and Mexican government because of the changes made in the 1930 census, Mexican Americans were re-classified as white. Exceptions to this were if they we of indigenous or other non-white race. This reclassification gave them more legal rights and privileges.]]> 2021-02-03 15:16:48 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159198085 dnguyen771 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159201315 Article VII, Section 7, of the Constitution of 1876 stated that there could be segregated schools for white and black students, but Hispanic students were up for debate. From 1902 to 1940, Texas school districts opened segregated schools for Hispanic students and by 1943, there were schools operating in 122 districts. In 1930, the Del Rio School board had proposed for an expansion of schools, one of which was already designated as the "Mexican school." Jesus Salvatierra and other parents hired John L. Dodson to file a lawsuit, stating that Mexican students were not receiving the same benefits as white children. The LULAC was able to fundraise over $1000 even during the Great Depression  towards this movement against segregated schools. Although this was the first lawsuit addressing this issue of Hispanic segregation in schools, there was a failure to address the violation of the Fourteenth Amendment as seen in the 1948 Delgado v. Bastrop Independent School District case.]]> 2021-02-03 15:17:20 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159201315 druelo2 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159201358 Proyecto del Idioma, otherwise known as Law No.51, was recognized in 1945 by the Puerto Rican government which stated that Spanish was to be the language of instruction for public schools after 39 years of English instruction. Although the law was solely based on pedagogical motive, it soon became a political matter. In 1946, President Truman responded to Governor Jesus T. Pineiro by refusing to sign the bill. By doing this, Puerto Ricans were prevented from teaching material in their own vernacular, and students, from elementary to college, struggled in the learning process. The imposing of the veto was a result of colonialism which then inhibited the needs of a colonized society. Despite all of the efforts to carry out English as the main language of instruction, very little of it was taught. This law parallels the idea of conformism and need to assimilate when immigrating to the U.S.; if a student cannot learn to speak English, they are considered to be barred from social conveniences and subject to discrimination.

]]> 2021-02-03 15:17:20 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159201358 oparastatidis https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159203963 Inspired by the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF) and the peak of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, MALDEF founded itself as a civil rights law firm that has propelled equal rights for Latinos in all facets of life, from education and economic advancement to ensuring that they have a say in government policies and laws that affect them.
Among their achievements include the Plyer v. Doe case of 1982; September of 1977, MALDEF sued Texas lawmakers who wanted to prevent undocumented immigrant students from having a right to a proper and free education by enacting legislation that would defund public schools that allowed those students to attend. Thanks to the MALDEF legal team’s perseverance and fortitude, their work after 5 years of litigation  would result in the landmark case of Plyer v. Doe where the Supreme Court ruled that regardless of immigration status, all children had a right to a free public education K-12. Today, MALDEF continues to work closely with recipients of the Deferred Action Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy, from providing students with law scholarships to challenging courts for better reforms of the policy. 

]]> 2021-02-03 15:17:47 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159203963 jtrapanick https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159204307 7 years before the famous Brown v. Board of Education case, the 9th Circuit of Appeals court issued the first ruling in the US to declare that the school segregation was, ipso facto, unconstitutional--unlike previous rulings that decided  specific instances of segregation were unconstitutional due explicitly to the unequal distribution of resources. This case, which ruled on the segregation of Mexican American school children in the Westminster school system in California, was highly influential in shaping the legal strategies used by Thurgood Marshall in Brown, since he participated in this suit. Ultimately, this case underlined the ways in which different groups' struggles for equality often came together, and its legacy is being the precursor to court-ordered national desegregation while also granting this for Mexican American students in California.]]> 2021-02-03 15:17:49 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159204307 rroncka https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159221472 During WWII the US brought Mexican laborers to work in CA, increasing racial tensions in the area. They also restricted production of zoot suits (long jacket, balloon pants), which were popular among young Mexican American men. This led to white Americans seeing those who wore zoot suits as un-American or even criminal. In June, many US servicemen went out seeking young Mexican Americans to "de zoot". They beat them, took their suits, and burned or urinated on them. Even those who weren't wearing suits were not safe, and Black Americans were also harmed. Despite all the violence and humiliation they caused, these aggressors were painted as heroes by the media, and more Mexican Americans (over 600!) were arrested for the riots.]]> 2021-02-03 15:20:39 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159221472 aosowiecki https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159226780 The Bracero Program in the US started in 1942 and lasted for 22 years until it was ended in 1964. It was created as an agreement between the US and Mexico to maintain US food supply needs during World War II. It was an agricultural program that involved 4.5 million people over the course of its existence. There were contracts made between Mexican workers and the US government regarding housing, wages, and labor conditions: one of these agreements was the withholding of ten percent of worker's wages for when they return back home to Mexico, although this was often disregarded in one of the most egregious acts of worker abuse by the program. A combination of abuse and poor enforcement marked the end of the program because they contradicted civil-rights era ideas about treatment of different peoples. The program facilitated greater connections between Mexico and the US through the labor market. Ending the agreement as legal didn't alter immigration behavior and laid the groundwork for the "illegal" (it shouldn't be) immigration to this day.]]> 2021-02-03 15:21:31 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159226780 zzhen https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159235178 Born in Mexico and brought over because of the Mexican Revolution, Hector Garcia quickly grew up to be a distinguished student. He would later gain awards for his accomplishments in World War II as an infantryman, a combat engineer and a physician. However, when he began to work with the Veterans Administration, he was frustrated that Mexican veterans, most of whom served directly on the front lines of the battle, could not receive their educational and treatment benefits. He gathered 700 other Mexican veterans, and together they established the American GI Forum to push for equality for all veterans regardless of race. They came to national prominence when they were able to secure a funeral for a Mexican veteran who was previously refused by the funeral director on account of his race. The Forum gathered poll taxes, published campaign strategies, called attention to the working and living conditions of Mexicans, alongside many more efforts.]]> 2021-02-03 15:22:52 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159235178 bmullen11 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159250584 Eleanor Roosevelt met with A. Philip Randolph, a black community leader who told Eleanor that if something wasn't done about unfair employment practices, there would be strikes. After this, Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, which banned unfair discrimination practices based on race, creed, or national origin in the defense industries and government.]]> 2021-02-03 15:25:21 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159250584 lgutlerner https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159265118 Salvatore Agron was a 16 year old Puerto Rican  student in New York City. He joined a gang, called the Vampires, because of the long black and red capes they wore. In 1959, he was supposed to attack a rival Irish gang, but ended up accidentally stabbing two young white boys. There is no question that this violence is never acceptable, but the media caused an uproar over Agron, or the "cape man". Agron was tried as an adult, and sentences to death, making him the youngest person to ever be put on death row, despite the victim's own parents asking the judge for leniency in his sentence. At the time, all New Yorkers knew of Puerto Ricans came from "The West Side Story", which did not necessarily portray them in a positive light considering all of the gang violence present in the play. There was immense fear surrounding Puerto Ricans, particularly the children of immigrants, and the public outrage that followed Argon's arrest is a clear reflection of that. ]]> 2021-02-03 15:27:53 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159265118 achen332 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159267400 The Delgado v Bastrop Independent School District lawsuit was key in ending Mexican American segregation within Texas public schools, and establishing a precedent against segregation within the state as a whole. The case was initially brought to court by the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), who were filing for lawsuit on behalf of Minerva Delgado and twenty other Mexican American parents. The suit argued that segregation of Texas public schools deprived Mexican American children of equal educational facilities, services, and institutions; the suit claimed that this process violated state law. The court ruled in favor of Delgado, and this decision began the process of gradually erasing outright segregation of Mexican Americans within Texas, and America. ]]> 2021-02-03 15:28:14 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159267400 dnguyen821 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159276386 Crusade for Justice was founded seeking to advance Chicano rights and culture, as well as Congreso de Aztlan, created to focus on the rights of Mexican Americans. Gonzales believed in educating the people around him and bringing the Chicano community together. Gonzales wrote a poem called Yo soy Joaquín, shared his new cosmological vision of the "Chicano", neither being Indian or European, neither Mexican or American, but a combination of all identities that make up what it is to be Mexican. ]]> 2021-02-03 15:29:41 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159276386 bgillespie8 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159276916 "West Side Story" is a Romeo-and-Juliet-inspired musical that tells the story of rival gangs in New York City - one made up of white men and one made up of Puerto Ricans. Although both the playwright and composer were white men, the musical was revolutionary in that it did not portray the white people as wholly good and the Puerto Ricans as wholly bad, instead adding nuance to both sides of the story.  Additionally, while many of the hispanic characters in West Side Story were (disgustingly) played by white actors in brown face, Rita Moreno, who played Anita, was actually hispanic. She won an Oscar for her role, making her the first Latina to win an Oscar and showing Hispanic people everywhere their beauty and worth.]]> 2021-02-03 15:29:46 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159276916 pmeadowsmuriel1 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159309855 Cesar Chavez was an important union leader and labor organizer. When he was younger he did a lot of manual labor, which was very difficult and because of the unfair conditions he founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962. He stressed nonviolent methods, and tried to draw attention to causes by utilizing boycotts, marches, and hunger strikes. One of his most prominent marches was in 1966 and was 340- miles, and 25 days long. This included thousands of Latino and Filipion workers marching from Delano, California to the capitol at Sacramento. This was an attempt at drawing attention to the dangerous conditions that farm workers experienced. During this strike the union was able to win its first contract for better working conditions.  ]]> 2021-02-03 15:35:07 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159309855 isalazar34 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159315532 Private Felix Longoria was a Mexican American who was shot and killed fighting in WWII. He was highly decorated and received a purple heart after he died, but after 4 years in 1949 when his body was returned from the Philippines he was not allowed to be buried in his hometown cemetery. Back home in Three Rivers Texas he wasn’t allowed to be buried in the only cemetery because the “The whites won't like it.” When the news reached senator Lyndon Johnson, he was appalled and gave Longoria the honor of being the first Mexican to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. This moment was so important for Hispanics because from there conversations about civil rights for Hispanic people began nationally, and an organization called the G.I Forum was leading it. They fought for things like no more all white juries and the desegregation of Hispanics in schools. This event still matters now because it shows that things can really change, and it gives people hope that the new administration will be able to help immigrants in the same way Lyndon Johnson helped Longoria and his family.

]]> 2021-02-03 15:36:02 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159315532 jcorrell4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159321793 This was a supreme court case which concluded that all ethnic groups were protected by Civil rights laws and the fourteenth amendment including Hispanics. The supreme court reached this decision unanimously. Hernandez was being charged with murder but his legal team appealed it because the Jury was made up entirely of non Hispanic people and that was also true for 6000 jurors over 25 years despite Texases notable hispanic population.]]> 2021-02-03 15:37:05 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159321793 gpham21 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159335423 Cesar Chavez, a labor activist, grew up in a Mexican-American family of migrant laborers and was determined to advocate for better working conditions for farmworkers. He organized many marches with laborers and founded theUnited Farm Workers(UFW). Like Gandhi and Dr. King, he used non-violence as he started a 25-day fast in February 1968. He went without food for 25 days, only drinking water, in order to protest the terrible conditions of Filipino-American and Latino-American workers that helped grow grapes in California. In the end, doctors said his life was in danger as he lost 35 pounds and was too weak to speak. His fast was successful and stopped the violence against the movement. This allowed the grape strike to continue and grape protesters traveled around the U.S. and Canada to tell their stories. The grape boycott united middle-class families in large cities and low-class laborers in California and encouraged millions of families to stop eating grapes. Chavez’s efforts would bring legislation in the 1960’s and 1970’s that gave laborers better pay and working conditions.

]]> 2021-02-03 15:39:12 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1159335423 druelo2 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1163470046 Two years prior to the court case, a parent named Jose Cisneros filed a lawsuit against the Corpus Christi Independent School District (CCISD) as a result of the discrimination that his children were facing. He used the reasoning of the Brown v. Board of Education outcome which stated that "separate but equal is inherently unequal" in order to justify Mexican-Americans as a racial minority that had the potential to be discriminated against. There was a huge gap between minority and majority schools in which the former had less resources, bad conditions which inhibited their overall learning experience. Yet, the CCSID refused to acknowledge reallocating their funds to repair the schools where minority groups were. While Cisnero argued for the case of de jure segregation, the CCISD argued for de facto segregation. As a result of this case, plans for desegregation were put into effect, including busing and Mexican-Americans.]]> 2021-02-04 13:02:38 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1163470046 amontrose https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164420275 During World War II the United States of America developed the Bracero Program, a program that brought immigrant workers from Mexico to Texas to alleviate the labor shortage caused by the war. These migrant workers were working for 25 cents an hour and in 1966 demanded an increase in pay, from 25 cents an hour to a dollar and 25 cents an hour, and for better working conditions in the fields of Texas. They marched from Rio Grande City to Corpus Christi for these demands. Texas governor, John Connally, refused these workers their demands but after 9 months of continuous protest by the workers, Texas legislature finally met their demands. ]]> 2021-02-04 15:51:04 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164420275 elu41 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164421582 Congress passes the Civil Rights Act in 1964, which prevents any form of discrimination on the bases of race, skin color, religion, sex, and national origin. This included discrimination in public facilities, education, voting, employment, etc. This helped Hispanic or Latinx citizens, who now had the legal right to sue if they believe they were discriminated against at all based on their place of national origin. Additionally, spaces were desegregated for Latinos, who might've also been restricted from "white only" establishments. ]]> 2021-02-04 15:51:17 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164421582 sguarnotta https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164425318 Henry B. Gonzalez was the first Hispanic representative from Texas and worked in congress for thirty-seven years. He dedicated his career to fighting to end segregation and discrimination within the state. He was a state senator, city councilmen, and U.S congressmen throughout his life. Henry B. Gonzalez spent years attempting to abolish segregation and racist laws. In 1957 he held the longest filibuster in history, almost forty hours long. This resulted in the demolishing of eight out of ten of the segregation bills in the Brown vs. Board of Education case. ]]> 2021-02-04 15:51:56 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164425318 tjohnsonward https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164427889 The Bay of Pigs Operation was an attempt to overthrow Cuban Premier Fidel Castro, who was considered a threat to the US. On April 17, 1961 around 1,200 Cuban exiles, who opposed Castro's Cuban revolution, entered the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. Their plan was to rally Cuban citizens to rise up and overthrow Castro's government. The plan failed and many of the exiles were killed or imprisoned. Castro used this attack to solidify his control in Cuba and to request further military aid from the Soviets. ]]> 2021-02-04 15:52:24 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164427889 grosenkranz1 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164429786 In January of 1970, José Ángel Gutiérrez and Mario Compean launched "La Raza Unida" (RUP) in Crystal City, Texas. RUP, or the United Race Party, was a new political party created out of a growing frustration from Mexican-Americans surrounding inequality and underrepresentation. The party quickly achieved success locally in municipal elections in Crystal City and Cotulla, Texas. They then spread to other states such as California and Colorado, even having a candidate run for senator of Colorado in 1972. The RUP, built on principles of unity amongst the Latinx and Native American communities, gave voice to these often overlooked and marginalized people. This helped pave the way for more Latinx representation, especially politically, in the future. ]]> 2021-02-04 15:52:42 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164429786 jtrapanick https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164429792 Escuela della Raza Unida (School of the United Race), was founded as a non-profit, non-traditional and holistic school in Blythe, California, 1972. Its founding was a response to the oppressive conditions Hispanic students faced in public school systems, and was immediately triggered by a "physical altercation" between a public school principal and a 13 year-old female student. Students staged a walk-out and picketed for 6 weeks, which ultimately ended in the foring of this education center by concerned parents and community leaders. They were significant for their sincere focus on serving their community in a healthy way while offering a safe alternate to the difficult public school life Hispanic students faced at the time (and still today). ]]> 2021-02-04 15:52:42 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164429792 rchiem https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164436959 Operation 🤬 is the arresting and deportation of more than 3.8 million Latin Americans under US Immigration Service and the Mexican government (due to the labor shortage). Through this process, people were stopped in the streets if they were “Mexican-looking” and and were asked for identification. Afterwards, immigrants were forced into transportation and often sent to unfamiliar parts of Mexico where they had to restart their lives. The term "wetbacks" relates to Mexicans who illegally came to Texas by the Rio Grande River.]]> 2021-02-04 15:53:53 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164436959 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164437928 2021-02-04 15:54:02 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164437928 rroncka https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164441756 In 1968 at 19 years old José Sanchez became the first Chicano to publicly refuse being drafted to the army. A year later, UCLA student body president Rosalio Muñoz also refused the draft, signing a petition and delivering a speech on the disproportionate number of Chicano soldiers killed in Vietnam. This sparked a larger antiwar and Chicano rights movement, which included the Chicano Moratorium in 1970. Prominent groups like the Brown Berets and the marching women Las Adelitas de Aztlan were present. Leaders, scholars, workers, and families all marched together for their rights and lives through the streets of LA. It began as a joyful celebration, but descended into violence once the armed police starting advancing. Some were even killed, many were injured and traumatized. However it was not all in vain as this movement led to future progress for Chicano communities, education, and opportunities.]]> 2021-02-04 15:54:42 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164441756 aosowiecki https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164443127 The East LA walkouts, also known as Blowouts, began in the area of their name but spread to communities throughout the city of Los Angeles and included an diverse group of students. These walkouts were the accumulation of a larger political and cultural awakening in the Mexican American community and served as a catalyst for the Chicano civil rights movement in the city. During this time, the LA school district, as well as school districts around the country, barred Chicano students from speaking Spanish and steered them toward vocational careers instead of college. This movement rose awareness to the inequities in the school system and led to the improvement of the local schools in Los Angeles]]> 2021-02-04 15:54:57 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164443127 rchiem https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164444628 On August 21 1974, the Equal Educational Opportunities Act took action. The EEOA banned discrimination of students based on their, race, nationality, or gender. It also stated public schools to have more opportunities to students that did not speak English. Many regard the EEOA as an addition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which stated the ban of racial discrimination as segregation was outlaws in schools and businesses.]]> 2021-02-04 15:55:14 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164444628 vcoreas1 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164446573 In 1973, Miami officially became bilingual in an effort to create an inclusive community for Cuban immigrants. Emmy Shafer, a Russia-born immigrant, creates a campaign with goals of English becoming the official language of the city. She claimed that it would bring unity because everyone would speak and understand the same language. Despite some thinking this was an anti-immigrant campaign, it gained many supporters after Fidel Castro allowed anyone who wanted to leave Cuba to do so, including criminals. The ordinance was approved in 1980.]]> 2021-02-04 15:55:33 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164446573 bmullen11 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164454227 Inspired by similar protest movements in East Los Angeles that same year by Chicanos, students from Edgewood High School in San Antonio protested the abhorrent conditions in their schools and the treatment they received by staging a walkout. Many students were upset that the school was designed to push the students into manual labor instead of pursuing a college degree.]]> 2021-02-04 15:56:45 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164454227 dnguyen771 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164471884 David Sanchez founded the Brown Berets in the 1960s amidst the Chicano Movement, which addressed civil rights struggles and a call for liberation of Mexican-descant people. They were known for their fight against police brutality, actively protesting the abuses and killings by the LA Sheriff's Department. The Brown Berets also organized the first Chicano Moratorium in opposition to the Vietnam War. One notable issue was the sexism in the movement. Machismo was a common theme within Latinx community and so women were often neglected or were assigned smaller duties in the Brown Berets. ]]> 2021-02-04 15:59:46 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164471884 emarcoodajima https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164475281 The National Grape Boycott was a labor strike organized by the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), a largely Filipino organization. It's purpose was to pressure grape growers in Delano, California to pay their workers fair wages as well as provide their workers suitable living conditions. The strike itself lasted for about 5 years, and it consisted of non-violent boycotts, marches, and overall resistabce. These serious of strikes resulted in a victory for farmworkers, as they came to an agreement with grape growers that granted workers better pay, benefits, and protections. Although this was a strike that revolved around grape growers, it created a long lasting impact on the farm labor movement in America.]]> 2021-02-04 16:00:22 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164475281 vcoreas1 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164488573 "What Price *******" is a book published by the American GI Forum in 1953 that addresses the issue of discrimination specifically in farm labor in South Texas. In the book it is mentioned that no one with a Spanish last name had served on a jury in the county for 25 years. It also talks about some Supreme Court cases like Brown v. the Board of Education which ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The book's readers learned about the challenges of discrimination Latin Americans faced, bringing awareness to the issue.]]> 2021-02-04 16:02:38 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164488573 jcorrell4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164490322 After sharp economic downturn and Fidel Castros permission to leave the country along with president Jimmy Carter removing restrictions on Cuba, 125,000 Cubans immigrated into Miami in just 1980. Castro released political enemies and other opposition. Cuban immigrants were widely criticized by American Media which called them either mentally ill or criminals.]]> 2021-02-04 16:02:56 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164490322 zzhen https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164509842 In 1973, Miami's population is about 25% Hispanic, which primarily consisted of Cubans. Emergency workers, service workers, and government officials had trouble communicating with Spanish speakers, and thus,  Metro Commission passed Mayor Jack Orr's resolution declaring Dade County to be officially bilingual and bicultural, making Spanish the county's second official language. However, after the Mariel Boatlift incident in 1980, the residents, led by the Anglo-speaking Citizens of Dade United, fearing that the refugees would bring disaster, overwhelmingly voted to overturn the 1973 ordinance as well as mandating official documents to be English only. In 1988, voters again overwhelmingly to make English the official language of the state - a symbolic move against "Latinization" and immigrants more than anything else. Anglo-Americans feared that Spanish and Hispanic culture were being "forced down into Americans' throats" and were alarmed by the little Havanas. After a federal ruling in 1992 regarding the racial make up of commissioners, a much more diverse Dade County Commission finally overturned the 1973 ordinance in 1993. In 2013, Doral Mayor Boria suggests making Spanish a second language in Doral to improve local economy, but it was unanimously shot down yet again.]]> 2021-02-04 16:06:08 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164509842 rmook https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164521498 Allows anti-communist Cubans who live in the US for at least one year to become permanent residents (green card). This was passed by congress following Fidel Castro’s revolution (1959-1960).

]]> 2021-02-04 16:08:04 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164521498 achen332 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164554288 In 1973, Mrs. Espinoza, a woman of Mexican descent, filed for lawsuit on the grounds that she was facing employment discrimination based on her citizenship status. This case was taken to court after the Farah Manufacturing Company had refused to hire Espinoza as an employee, a decision which she interpreted as a violation of the Civil Rights Act. In court, Espinoza’s argument reasoned that it was unlawful for any employer to discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex or in her case, national origin. However, the Supreme Court eventually came to the ruling that an employer’s refusal to hire somebody based on their United States citizenship status does not fall within the grounds of discrimination based on ‘national origin’. The Court ruled in favor of Farah. This set a precedent going forward for Americans of Latinx descent, establishing the difficulty of attaining employment as a non-citizen. Even in modern times, Latinx Americans face the same kinds of challenges. ]]> 2021-02-04 16:13:36 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164554288 akrom https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164556434 Rafael Trujillo was a dictator, serving first as President and then as an unelected military ruler. His dictatorship was one of the bloodiest in the Americas. His government executed thousands who opposed him, both inside the Dominican Republic and outside, including some Americans. In 1961 with the support of the CIA, a group of conspirators assassinated Trujillo. His son, Ramfis, took control of the government and killed most of the conspirators. ]]> 2021-02-04 16:13:58 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164556434 isalazar34 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164640224 2021-02-04 16:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164640224 isalazar34 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164645448 Ruben Salazar was a reporter for the Los Angeles Times who was killed by a police officer while he was covering a riot against the vietnam war, but the police officer was never charged with his death. Ruben Salazar was a very important figure in Latino history because he spoke about racism towards latinos and how marginalized they were. A huge topic he talked about was the mistreatment of latinos by the police, including the planting of evidence on suspects and beating them in order to get them to say what they wanted to hear. It is believed that the police was out to get him because he spoke out about these things. Although this is true, he has not been brought justice. This is important today because so many people like him who speak out against law enforcement end up dead or injured, but no one is charged. This has sparked outrage which is evident in the protests of the past summer.]]> 2021-02-04 16:28:04 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/flaerlmu9p8s9j8w/wish/1164645448