A trip to a variety animal farm by Group 1!🥚🐣🐥🐔🍗 by Rafimy https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7 Welcome to our little padlet! 😊 This is done as an assignment for SA1103 Sustainable Crop Seed Bank and Animal Reproduction Management. Thanks for dropping by, Enjoy! ❤️ en-us 2023-02-06 12:03:25 UTC 2023-02-13 12:50:18 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f601.png 1. Introduction rafimy https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2470060135 Poultry farming is the practice of raising domesticated birds for the purpose of producing meat, eggs, and feathers. ]]> 2023-02-06 13:35:27 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2470060135 2. Types of Breed Used For Poultry Farming amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477184726 There are mainly 4 types of breed used:
- Chicken 
- Turkeys
- Ducks and Geese
- Guinea Fowl and squabs]]> 2023-02-11 08:23:55 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477184726 3. Types Of Poultry Farming Systems amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477185841 - Intensive: Deep Litter Housing System
- Intensive: Battery Cages
- Semi-Intensive System
- Free-Range (Extensive) System]]> 2023-02-11 08:28:06 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477185841 3.1 Intensive: Deep Litter Housing System amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477189325 What is Intensive: Deep Litter Housing System
-Floor poultry management method is widely regarded as the most simple and widely available raising system in the poultry farming sector. Nonetheless, even such traditional floor raising method necessitates high-quality, cutting-edge equipment created against the backdrop of the most recent advancements in the poultry management area.

How does Intensive: Deep Litter Housing System function?
-Deep litter system is an intensive poultry management technique in which chicks are raised on a concrete floor with a layer of bedding materials such as wood shavings, groundnut husk, rice bran, and so on. 
The bedding material is known as "litter," which is where the term "deep litter system for chickens" comes from.]]> 2023-02-11 08:38:12 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477189325 3.2 Intensive: Battery Cages amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477196369 What is Intensive: Battery Cages?
- A battery cage, is meant to hold laying hens, or female chickens that lay eggs. After being born in hatcheries, debeaking, and maturing (which normally takes about 18 weeks), hens are moved to battery cages where they will spend the rest of their lives, which usually last about two years.

How does Intensive: Battery Cages function?
- Battery cages are generally made of wire on all sides, including the bottom, to allow waste to fall through to collection troughs below. The floors of battery cages are sloped so that eggs roll down into troughs at one end of the cage, where they are then transported away by conveyor belt. While food is generally always available to the birds, they must push their heads and necks through the wire mesh, which can result in feathers on their chests being rubbed off due to constant friction.]]> 2023-02-11 09:02:05 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477196369 3.3 Semi-Intensive System amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477197307 What is Semi-Intensive System?
-The semi-intensive system is an alternative method of rearing broilers in which the birds are kept in a poultry house and have free access to a pasture area during the day. It is known that ambient conditions may directly affect the behavior of birds reared in the semi-intensive system.

How does Semi-Intensive System function?
-Semi-intensive systems are characterized by having one or more pens in which the chickens can forage on natural vegetation and insects to supplement the feed supplied. It is desirable to provide at least two runs for alternating use to avoid build up of disease and parasites. Feeders and waterers are situated in the run or around the house. It is a general practice to divide the run area into 2 sections using wire netting in order to restrict the birds in one-half of the available grassland while the other part is resting. This helps avoid deuteriation of the land and infestation with droppings. ]]> 2023-02-11 09:05:26 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477197307 3.4 Free-Range (Extensive) System amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477199065 What is Free-Range (Extensive) System?
- “Free-range” is a term that refers to a method of animal husbandry where animals are able to roam freely outdoors rather than being confines by an enclosure for 24 hours a day. The chickens are not limited to a small coop, warehouse or pen; they have a much larger, more enriched space to explore.


How does Free-Range (Extensive) System function?
-The extensive system of poultry production (commonly known as “free-range”) is based on the practice of allowing the bird access to foraging areas outside the poultry house. This system was widely practiced prior to the development of more productive strains of poultry and better management facilities ]]> 2023-02-11 09:11:19 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477199065 5. Importance of Poultry Farming in Human Life? amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477210038 - Food Security: Poultry farming provides an important source of protein for human consumption, particularly in locations where availability to other kinds of protein may be restricted. Poultry meat and eggs are basic foods in many cultures and are consumed worldwide.

- Economic Impact: Poultry farming is a significant contribution to the world economy, employing and giving money to millions of people. It is also an important source of food for many developing nations, helping to improve food security and overall living standards.

- Environmental Benefits: When properly done, poultry raising may have a good environmental impact. Chickens, for example, may be grown in small backyard flocks, providing fertilizer for the garden and decreasing food waste by devouring kitchen trash. Furthermore, because chickens do not require as much space or feed as other livestock animals, well-managed poultry enterprises can help to save land and minimize the consumption of fossil fuels.

- Cultural Significance: Poultry has a long cultural history and is a vital element of many festivals and ceremonies across the world. Poultry is an integral aspect of many cultures' diets, and rearing hens is a long-standing habit passed down from generation to generation.]]> 2023-02-11 09:39:10 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477210038 6.2 The Importance of IR4.0 in Poultry Farming. amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477221793 The role IR4.0 has played in the enhancement of poultry farming, here are some of them that we can find:
- The use of technology 4.0 in poultry processing plants improves the processor's capacity to optimize yield and material utilization on poultry processing lines, real-time material tracking of its flow throughout the whole process, make choices based on real-time data, and maintain high standards in poultry processing plants. Using technology 4.0 improves production efficiency, lowers operational and labor costs, and delivers trustworthy and accurate data for management and planning. To establish a viable monitoring system in poultry processing facilities, however, requires data from large scale research using numerous sensors must be first collected.
- Machine vision and computer vision are the advances reinforcing many emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, and smart sensors. Machine vision uses machines, sensors and data processing algorithms to evaluate, and make decisions about the poultry system. It is especially useful for problems where the human eye is needed to assess the situation.]]> 2023-02-11 10:03:55 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477221793 7. Is animal welfare an important aspect in animal farming? Discuss on how the animal welfare can be taken care of. amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477223015 To put it simply, animal welfare is important. Many animals suffer around the world as a result of their benefits of exploitations such as for their entertainment, food, medicine, fashion, scientific testing, and as exotic pets.
Every animal deserves a good life by ticking off these Five Domains. The five domains are:

Nutritions- factors relating to the animal's availability of adequate, wholesome, diverse, and clean food and water.

Environment- temperature, substrate, space, air, odour, noise, and predictability are all factors that contribute to comfort.

Health- factors that promote health through the absence of illness, injury, and impairment and a high level of fitness.

Behaviour- environmental elements that present a variety of fresh and interesting challenges through sensory inputs, bonding, play, exploration, and other activities.

Mental State- the mental state of the animal should benefit from primarily positive states, such as pleasure, comfort, or vitality, while reducing negative states, such as fear, frustration, hunger, pain, or boredom, by presenting positive situations in the previous four functional domains.

World Animal Protection takes a multifaceted approach to improving animal welfare. Our programs include protecting wild animals and improving the quality of life for farm animals. 
We work with corporations all over the world to implement strong animal welfare policies that end the use of wild animals for entertainment and the exotic pet trade. We also encourage people to eat less factory-farmed meat and to work with meat suppliers to implement higher animal welfare practices, thereby eliminating some of the worst cruelties that farmed animals face today.]]> 2023-02-11 10:07:19 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477223015 4. The Different Stages of Production ahza268 https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477308575 - Breeding
- Loading
- Transport 
- Slaughterhouse Phases]]> 2023-02-11 13:50:58 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477308575 8.1 Example of an Article Showing how Poultry Farming is Important in Human Life amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477695895 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/poultry-production

Sources of nitrogen for crop growth: Pakistan's case

Poultry production is an important agriculture-based industry in Pakistan. During 2019, the estimated number of chickens, commercially raised, was 1.321 billion (FAOSTAT, 2021a,b). The poultry industry produces a high amount of waste, i.e., 5 kg chicken−1 year−1 (Chastain et al., 2001). In Pakistan, during 2019, only 268,393 tonnes of poultry waste/manure were applied to soil, which accounts for just 4.3% of poultry waste applied globally (FAO, 2021). Poultry manure is a significant source of plant nutrients. One tonne of dry poultry litter contains 26 kg N, 18 kg P, and 10 kg K (Kyakuwaire et al., 2019).
]]> 2023-02-12 08:25:30 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477695895 9. References rafimy https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477956065 Agro4africa. (n.d.). How to Use The Deep Litter Housing System for Chickens. Retrieved February 13, 2023, from https://agro4africa.com/deep-litter-system-for-chickens/

Alders, R., Costa, R., Gallardo, R. A., Sparks, N., & Zhou, H. (2018). Smallholder poultry: Leveraging for sustainable food and nutrition security. Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability, 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21544-8

Appleby, M. C. (2010). The European Union Ban on Conventional Cages for Laying Hens: History and Prospects. Https://Doi.Org/10.1207/S15327604JAWS0602_03, 6(2), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327604JAWS0602_03

Deep litter - Wikipedia. (2022, December 28). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_litter

Delfino, J. A., Filho, B., Man, S., Ijo, S., Aad, C., & Vjm, S. (2005). Behavior and performance of broiler strains reared under semi-intensive system with shaded areas. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 7(4), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-635X2005000400003

THE HUMANE LEAGUE. (2020, December 3). Everything You Should Know About Battery Cages. https://thehumaneleague.org/article/battery-cages

WORLD ANIMAL PROTECTION. (2020, July 5). What is animal welfare and why is it important? https://www.worldanimalprotection.org.nz/news/animal-welfare-and-why-important

POULTRY WORLD Technology 4.0 transforms poultry processing
https://www.poultryworld.net/the-industrymarkets/processing/technology-4-0-transforms-poultry-processing/

RESEARCH GATE
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Different-types-of-poultry-farming-systems-a-intensive-deep-litter-system-b_fig1_358520304

TEXHA. Deep litter housing system
https://texha.com/equipment/broiler-meat-production-equipment/cage-equipment/deep-litter-housing-system/

SCIENCE DIRECT ARTICLE Intensive poultry farming: A review of the impact on the environment and human health
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722071145
]]> 2023-02-12 17:25:44 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477956065 Group Members💗: rafimy https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477959868 Ameerah Basirah 
B20220425
Ahza Hisyamuddin 
B20220424
Md Rafimy 
B20220234
Nadheerah Munawwarah
B20220143]]> 2023-02-12 17:31:48 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2477959868 6.1 What is the definition of Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR4.0)? rafimy https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2478182036 The first industrial revolution came with the advent of mechanisation, steam power and water power.
This was followed by the second industrial revolution, which revolved around mass production and assembly lines using electricity.
The third industrial revolution came with electronics, I.T. systems and automation, which led to the fourth industrial revolution that is associated with cyber physical systems.
IR4.0 refers to the fourth industrial revolution. Generally, IR4.0 describes the growing trends of the applications of automations and data exchanges in technology and processes within the manufacturing industry, particularly the poultry industry, such as:
- Internet of Things (IoT)
- Artificial Intelligence
- Cognitive computing
]]> 2023-02-13 00:44:33 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2478182036 8.4 Example of an Article Showing How Poultry Farming Affects the Environment and Human Life amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2478191331 There are always some downsides in everything, regardless of how many advantages are shown. The article below shows a drawback in poultry farming

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722071145

Intensive poultry farming: A review of the impact on the environment and human health
Goran Gržinić a, Agnieszka Piotrowicz-Cieślak b, Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas c, Rafał L. Górny d, Anna Ławniczek-Wałczyk d, Lidia Piechowicz e, Ewa Olkowska a, Marta Potrykus a, Maciej Tankiewicz a, Magdalena Krupka b, Grzegorz Siebielec c, Lidia Wolska a

1.2. Environmental and human impact

While poultry production is one of the most efficient forms of livestock management with regards to natural resource use and protein gain, it can still have a significant impact on human health and the environment (De Vries and De Boer, 2010). Most of industrial poultry production, comprising broilers (bred for meat production) and layers (used for eggs production), is raised in intensive production farms. Such intensive poultry production, with flocks that count from several thousand up to several hundred thousand units, is conducted primarily in indoor open floor housing or battery cages with automatic feeding and watering systems (Mottet et al., 2017), and very high animal density (33 kg m−2 or higher) (EPRS, 2019). This leads to a significant environmental footprint due to the intensive nature of production. Feed availability is often dependent on non-local production, such as grains, soy and oil seeds (Mottet et al., 2017). Water use, both in feed and poultry production, is likewise an issue and, while still lower than in other livestock production systems, it is nonetheless significant (Gerbens-Leenes et al., 2013), with the water footprint for chicken meat and eggs production being 4325 and 3265 m3 t−1 respectively, compared to meat from goat (5521 m3 t−1), pig (5988 m3 t−1), sheep (10,411 m3 t−1) and beef cattle (15,415 m3 t−1) (Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010).

Intensive poultry farming leads to emissions that impact various environmental compartments, including air, water and soil. Waste materials, such as poultry litter and manure, are often produced in quantities that exceed the amounts needed for fertilization of local agricultural land. This can lead to excessive use and can pose a serious threat to soil and water quality. Therefore, excess amounts often require storage, transportation and processing, becoming a waste by-product that needs to be managed in order to prevent air, soil and water contamination as well as a negative impact on human health (Fig. 1) (Vaarst et al., 2015; EPRS, 2019; Dróżdż et al., 2020). Poultry production, manure use and storage are linked to ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions, and therefore have an impact on greenhouse gas emissions as well as animal and human health (Dróżdż et al., 2020). Additionally, poultry manure can also contain microorganisms and pharmaceuticals (such as antibiotics) used in poultry production, which can contaminate soil and water, leading to antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug resistance, in microbial pathogens.]]> 2023-02-13 00:59:20 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2478191331 8.2 Example of an Article Showing how Poultry Farming is Important in Human Life amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2478207570 https://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/products-processing/poultry-in-human-nutrition/en/

Poultry in human nutrition
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Besides being rich in protein, poultry meat is good source of phosphorus and other minerals, and of B-complex vitamins. It contains less fat than most cuts of beef and pork. Poultry meat is low in harmful trans fats, but high in beneficial monounsaturated fats – which make up about half of the total. Eggs are a good source of high biological-value protein and easily digestible.

Because of their inadequate diets, poor people living in low-income regions such as in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are particularly vulnerable to a number of diseases. Eating more poultry meat and eggs can substantially benefit such people, especially pregnant women, children and the elderly. There is a growing evidence that poultry meat can make a significant difference in fighting child malnutrition.

The question of cholesterol in eggs – which prompted a decline in consumption in many developed countries – was once seen as an important issue but has now been largely superseded. Attempts to reduce cholesterol in eggs have not only proved impractical but are considered unnecessary these days. Consumption of one or two hen’s eggs a day is no longer considered a risk factor to human health for most of the population.
]]> 2023-02-13 01:20:58 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2478207570 8.3 Example of an Article Showing Improvements When Animal Welfare are Taken Care of. amerheaa https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2478219457 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/4/123

Improving Animal Welfare from the Perspective of Livestock Stakeholders across Asia

With good animal welfares, as mentioned before in section 7 of this Padlet, such as its nutrition, there is surely benefits of maintaining its welfare.

As stated in this article, here are some of the benefits of upkeeping the welfares of the animal livestock:

-Economically, this improves the product quality as a whole and from that, since the animal is healthy, the local food product is healthier than when the farm has a poor animal welfare.
-Reducing animal losses are the potential benefits. This is done by mitigating the animal losses through reduced mortality, reducing damage to carcasses through reducing bruising and injuries.
-Improved productivity of animals, as well as improved reproduction and thrift in livestock.
-Improving animal welfare offers the company a benefit of mitigation of risking the brand from bad publicity, losing purchased partnerships and as well as, the jeopardy of the whole farm industry.
-Mitigating the unnecessary uses of antibiotics, which drives the emergence of anti-microbial resistance crisis.]]> 2023-02-13 01:37:30 UTC https://padlet.com/rafimy/fl0hf0cu9elo1mz7/wish/2478219457