Malignant Catarrhal Fever by https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03 Animal Health 2 en-us 2016-12-18 07:00:50 UTC 2025-11-15 20:43:29 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Folder.png Etiology nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203308
1. Is an infectious systemic disease.
2. Lymphoproliferative disease of cattle and some wild ruminants (deer, bison, antelope)
3. Primarily affecting:
  • Lymphoid tissues
  • Mucosal lining (respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts) 
4. Caused by Herpesvirus :
  • Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1
  • Ovine herpesvirus 2
5. The principal carriers:
  • sheep (ovine herpesvirus-2)
  • wildebeest (alcelaphine herpesvirus-1)
  • goats (caprine herpesvirus-2)
6. Can be transmitted by:
  • Inoculation of large volume of animal blood from a clinically affected animal or by aerosol 
]]> 2016-12-18 07:43:22 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203308 Epidemiology nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203380
1. The epidemiology of the two major viruses (alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 and ovine herpesvirus 2 within their natural, well adapted hosts differs significantly. 
2. Intense virus shedding from the wildebeest occurs predominantly during first 90 days of life
3. Wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever of cattle most frequently in Africa during calving season
4. Sheep-associated form occurs year-round in cattle, with only one modestly increased incidence during lambing season
5. In American bison, it is a winter disease
6. Outbreaks of the sheep-associated form of malignant catarrhal fever have occurred amongst farmed deer, particularly red deer (Cervus elaphus)
]]> 2016-12-18 07:46:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203380 Clinical signs nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203411
Common symptoms
  • Fever
  • Depression
  • In appetence
  • Diarrhea
  • Discharge from eyes and nose
 








Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF): head and eye syndrome in cow (Devon)

  • Lesions of buccal cavity and muzzle
  • Swelling of the lymph nodes, opacity of the corneas leading to blindness.
  • Skin/ gum ulceration
 








Malignant catarrhal fever: dry necrosis and ulceration on gums and dental pad

Neurology sign of MCF

  • ataxia 
  • nystagmus
  • head pressing










Head pressing (http://www.nadis.org.uk/bulletins/nervous-diseases-in-cattle.aspx)

]]> 2016-12-18 07:47:17 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203411 Post-mortem Lesion nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203819
Necropsy (post-mortem) 
  1. Corneal opacity
  2. Vast erosions, edema (swelling), and hemorrhage throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the oral cavity,
  3. Lymphadenopathy: all lymph nodes are enlarged, edematous, and sometimes hemorrhagic.
  4. Focally disseminated erosions and ulcerations in the GIT.
  5. Erosions and hemorrhages within the mucosa of the turbinates, larynx, and trachea

Histologically
  1. Widespread proliferation of lymphocytes (lymphoblast).
  2. Multifocal areas of necrosis, centered on small blood vessels, and small arteries may exhibit characteristic fibrinoid necrosis of their muscular walls
  3. lesions are present in all affected tissues, including brain and eye
]]> 2016-12-18 08:00:04 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203819 Diagnosis nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203869 Presumption diagnosis:
  • History
  • clinical sign
       *presence of bilateral corneal opacity
 
Direct:
  • PCR
       *the most often method as confirmation
       *spleen & lymph nodes = optimal
  • Microscopic lesions in tissues
  • Immunofluorescence

Indirect:
  • virus inoculation in cell culture
 
Serology:
  • ELISA
]]> 2016-12-18 08:01:43 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203869 Treatment and control nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203918 No treatment has been found to provide any consistent benefit. Stress reduction of subclinical or mildly affected animals is indicated. 
* There is a vaccine available  to treat this  disease. But it is not internationally recognized yet.

HOW TO PREVENT?

  • Early weaning and isolation. 
  • Separation of carriers from susceptible species.
  • When large numbers of potent shedders are present, such as in lamb feedlots, distances >1 km may be necessary to protect highly susceptible species.
]]> 2016-12-18 08:03:49 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203918 Stages of viral life cycle nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203943
  • Entry stage- occurs through the sheep’s nasal cavity and enters into the lungs where it replicates. The virus undergoes a tropic change and infects lymphocytes, also known as white blood cells, which play a role in the sheep’s immune system.
  • Maintenance stage- The virus remains on the sheep’s lymphocytes and circulates the body. 
  • Shedding stage- The virus undergoes another change and shifts its target cells from lymphocytes to nasal cavity cells, where it is then shed through nasal secretions.
    • ]]>     2016-12-18 08:05:10 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144203943     nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144204588 2016-12-18 08:27:34 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144204588 nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144204593 2016-12-18 08:27:53 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144204593 nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144204729 2016-12-18 08:32:34 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144204729 nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144206036 Corneal opacity]]> 2016-12-18 09:12:02 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144206036 nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144206039 Erosions]]> 2016-12-18 09:12:08 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144206039 nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144206051 Focally erosion and ulceration]]> 2016-12-18 09:12:20 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144206051 nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144206057 Erosions and hemorrhages ]]> 2016-12-18 09:12:32 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144206057 AHP 2602 (Group 03) nurulnaiemah96 https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144466308 S20656, S20154, S21456, S20995, S21597, S21579, S21158, S21135]]> 2016-12-20 14:34:58 UTC https://padlet.com/nurulnaiemah96/group03/wish/144466308