Unit #5- Vocab Menu Assignment by Amya Simmons

Appellate Jurisdiction

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the Court has the authority to review the decisions of lower courts

Bail

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the process of releasing a defendant from jail or other governmental custody with conditions set to reasonably assure public safety and court appearance

Capital Punishment

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the process of sentencing convicted offenders to death for the most serious crimes (capital crimes) and carrying out that sentence

Civil Case

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a private, non-criminal lawsuit, usually involving private property rights, including respecting rights stated under the Constitution or under federal or state law

Concurrent Jurisdiction

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where two or more courts from different systems simultaneously have jurisdiction over a specific case

Concurring Opinion

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an opinion that agrees with the majority opinion but does not agree with the rationale behind it

Criminal Case

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a type of court proceeding in which a prosecutor employed by the federal, state, or local government charges a person with the commission of a crime

Defendant

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An individual (or business) against whom a lawsuit is filed

Discrimination

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treating someone less favourably than someone else because of a protected characteristic

Dissenting Opinion

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an appellate opinion of one or more judges which disagrees with the reasoning stated in the majority or plurality opinion and, consequently, with the result reached in a case

Docket

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"formal record in which a judge or court clerk briefly notes all the proceedings and filings in a court case

Due Process

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a fundamental principle of fairness in all legal matters, both civil and criminal, especially in the courts

Ex Post Facto Law

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a law that imposes criminal liability or increases criminal punishment retroactively

Exclusionary Rule

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prevents the government from using most evidence gathered in violation of the United States Constitution

Exclusive Jurisdiction

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if one court has the power to adjudicate a case to the exclusion of all other courts

Grand Jury

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A grand jury focuses on preliminary criminal matters only and assesses evidence presented by a prosecutor to determine whether there is “probable cause” to believe an individual committed a crime and should be put on trial

Inferior Courts

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a court that is subordinate to and whose decisions are subject to review by the highest court in a judicial system

Involuntary Servitude

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occurs when a person is forced to work against his or her will, with little or no control over working conditions

Jurisdiction

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the authority given by law to a court to try cases and rule on legal matters within a particular geographic area and/or over certain types of legal cases

Libel

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the written or broadcast form of defamation

Majority Opinion

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an appellate opinion supporting the court's judgment (the result reached in the case) which receives a majority vote of the justices or judges hearing the case

Miranda Rule

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Prior to any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed

Original Jurisdiction

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the Supreme Court is the first, and only, Court to hear a case

Plaintiff

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the party who initiates a lawsuit by filing a complaint with the clerk of the court against the defendant(s) demanding damages, performance and/or court determination of rights

Precedent

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a court decision that is considered as authority for deciding subsequent cases involving identical or similar facts, or similar legal issues

Prior Restraint

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government action that prohibits speech or other expression before the speech happens

Probable Cause

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Supreme Court defines probable cause as "where the facts and circumstances within the officers' knowledge, and of which they have reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient in themselves to warrant a belief by a man of reasonable caution that a crime is being committed

Procedural Due Process

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requires state actors to provide certain procedural protections before they deprive a person of any protected life, liberty, or property interest

Search Warrant

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A search warrant is a court order and process directing a law-enforcement officer to search designated premises, vehicles, or persons for the purpose of seizing designated items and accounting for any items so obtained to the court which issued the warrant

Sedition

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inciting revolt or violence against a lawful authority to destroy or overthrow it

Slander

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false statements made by one party against another

Substantive Due Process

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the principle that the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments protect fundamental rights from government interference

Writ Of Certiorari

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orders a lower court to deliver its record in a case so that the higher court may review it

Writ Of Habeas Corpus

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protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment

Writs Of Assistance

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an order directing that a party convey, deliver, or turn over a deed, document, or right of ownership