Concept Map by

Heart

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Superior vena cava

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The superior vena cava is in charge of transferring the body's deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium.

Inferior vena cava

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The inferior vena cava returns blood that is depleted in oxygen through the lower body to the heart.

Right Atria

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One of the heart's four main chambers, the right atria, has blood with a low level of oxygen that is delivered from the body to the right atrium, which then drains the blood.

Tricuspid valve

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Regulates blood flow from the top chamber of the heart to the bottom chamber.

Right ventricle

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Another one of the heart's four chambers, sends blood drained of oxygen to the lungs.

Pulmonary valve

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Expands during the systolic stage of the cardiac cycle, allowing deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to be pushed to the pulmonary circulation.

Pulmonary artery

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To carry blood from the heart to the right lung, where it is given oxygen and through the respiration process, which releases carbon dioxide.

Left pulmonary artery

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Move deoxygenated blood from the heart's right ventricle to the left lung, where oxygen exchange takes place during respiration.

Right pulmonary vein

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Returns blood with oxygen from the right lung to the heart and is carried out by the right pulmonary vein.

Left pulmonary vein

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To carry oxygen-rich blood from the left lung to the heart, where it is later on pushed into the systemic circulation

Left atrium

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Receive oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, pump it into the left ventricle of the heart, and then pump the oxygenated blood out to the rest of the body.

Bicuspid valve

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To ensure that blood only flows in one direction between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart.

Left ventricle

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Most of the body's cells and tissues receive oxygen and nutrients from the left ventricle, which pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta and through the systemic circulation.

Auricle

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The auricles play an essential role by allowing blood to flow from various body areas and the lungs, aiding ventricular filling, and ensuring effective circulation with the right timing of cardiac contractions.

Aorta

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Transports oxygenated blood from the heart to every part of the body.

Intreventricular septum

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Separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart, allowing each ventricle to carry out its function structured.

Papillary muscle

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Supported by papillary muscles in the heart, ensuring that they seal tightly during ventricular contraction and limiting blood backflow into the atria.

Chordae tendineae

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Supported by papillary muscles in the heart, ensuring that they bind tightly throughout ventricular contraction and limiting blood backflow into the atria.

Blood flow~

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Superior vena cava

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Inferior vena cava

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Right atrium

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Tricuspid valve

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Right ventricle

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Pulmonary valve

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Right pulmonary artery

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Left pulmonary artery

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Right pulmonary vein

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Left pulmonary vein

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Left atrium

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Bicuspid valve

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Left ventricle

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Auricle

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Aorta

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Interventricular septum

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Papillary muscle

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Chordae tendineae

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Blood Circulation

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Every cell in the body receives nutrition and oxygen via the cardiovascular system, which pumps blood throughout the body. It is made up of the blood veins that run throughout the body and the heart. Blood is transported from the heart by the arteries and returned to it by the veins.

Systole

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Systole happens when the tricuspid valve, also known as the mitral valve, closes, The aortic valve closes to end the cycle. It then forces blood into the arteries. When a ventricle contracts, the valves open to let blood escape in which then the pressure inside the ventricles rises above the surrounding blood vessels.

Diastole

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Diastole is known by the closure of the tricuspid or mitral valve after diastole and the aortic valve. This phase includes the filling and relaxation of the ventricles. When the blood arteries refill the heart with blood before the next ventricular contraction, this is known as diastole.

Systemic circulation

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Every bodily tissue receives a functional blood supply from the systemic circulation. It transports waste materials and carbon dioxide to the cells while also supplying them with nutrition and oxygen.

Pulmonary circulation

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From the right ventricle, blood with a low oxygen level is transported via the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, where it replaces itself. The blood that is rich in oxygen is then returned to the left atrium.

Blood pressure regulation

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The body adjusts blood vessel lengths in response to variations in cardiac output and stroke volume to control blood pressure. Blood vessel size variations can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, diet, medication, physical activity, and illness. These changes may affect blood pressure.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

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It is activated when blood pressure decreases or when there is a decrease in blood volume.

Renin: An enzyme secreted by the kidneys in response to decreased blood pressure. Acts on Angiotensin to Angiotensinogen 1
Angiotensinogen: A plasma protein converted into Angiotensin 1 due to renin.
Angiotensin 2: A vasoconstrictor causing blood vessels to constrict that increases blood pressure.
Aldosterone: A hormone for sodium and water retention within the kidneys, leading to an increase in blood volume.

Baroreceptors

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Receptors which transmit information generated from blood pressure within the autonomic nervous system are called baroreceptors. After that, information is transferred quickly in order to change cardiac output while keeping blood pressure within a normal range.

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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Vasodilation is when blood arteries wide in the body allow more blood to pass through them, which lowers blood pressure. This process is known clinically as vasodilation.
Vasoconstriction is the tightening of the muscles surrounding your blood vessels, which reduces the volume inside.

Homeostasis

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All of the body's systems are in a balanced state, which is necessary for survival and proper functioning. The body continuously adjusts its levels of things like blood pressure, blood sugar, electrolytes, energy, hormones, oxygen, proteins, and temperature to maintain homeostasis in response to changes both inside and outside the body.

Oxygen exchange

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The respiratory and cardiovascular systems enable the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. The respiratory system aids in the inhalation of oxygen into the body, while the cardiovascular system removes carbon dioxide from the body and transports oxygen-rich blood to the tissues.

Transport of gases

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Through the bloodstream, gases are transported, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide. In the lungs, oxygen attaches itself to hemoglobin in red blood cells and travels to the tissues, where it is released to support cellular respiration. Cell-produced carbon dioxide diffuses into the bloodstream and is carried by hemoglobin, plasma, or bicarbonate ions, among other mechanisms. The process of gas exchange is completed in the lungs by the release and exhalation of CO2.

Control of heart rate

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The autonomic nervous system and reflex mechanisms are involved in heart rate regulation. The body's sensory receptors communicate with the brainstem's cardiovascular location. Heart rate is accelerated by the sympathetic nervous system and decreased by the parasympathetic nervous system. Heart rate is adjusted by reflex mechanisms, such as the baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, in response to alterations in blood pressure. Heart rate is also influenced by hormonal variables, such as adrenaline.

Cardiovascular system in relation the the Nervous system

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Heart rate regulation

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Hormonal variables, physiological processes, and the autonomic nervous system interact to regulate heart rate. Heart rate is mainly regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. In addition to these, hormones, temperature fluctuations, physical activity, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and medications all play a part in controlling heart rate in order to meet metabolic needs and keep cardiovascular homeostasis.

Blood pressure control

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By controlling blood volume, the kidneys provides a hormonal method for controlling blood pressure. The kidneys' renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system controls blood volume. Renin is secreted into the bloodstream by the kidney's juxtaglomerular cells in response to high blood pressure.

Sensory Input

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The brainstem's cardiovascular center connects to the sensory input, including signals from chemoreceptors and baroreceptors. After processing information, this center alters the output of the autonomic nervous system to the heart and blood vessels, altering the heart rate and vascular tone as needed. Heart rate and vascular function are further regulated by hormonal factors like thyroid hormones and adrenaline.

Hypertension

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A persistently elevated pressure in the blood vessels is called hypertension, sometimes referred to as high or raised blood pressure. The vessels transport blood from the heart to every area of the body. The heart pumps blood into the vessels with each beat. When blood is pumped by the heart, it presses against the walls of blood vessels, or arteries, creating blood pressure. The heart must pump more forcefully the higher the pressure.

Blood pressure rises when arteries narrow because there is more resistance to blood flow. Hypertension may be caused by abnormalities in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) or by problems with the kidneys. Blood pressure can rise as a result of blood vessel constriction and an elevated heart rate caused by a hyperactive sympathetic nervous system.

Blood pressure can be lowered with dietary modifications such as eating more foods high in potassium and less salt, frequent exercise, weight control, cutting back on alcohol, and reducing smoking.

Myocardial infection

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A myocardial infarction, also referred to as a "heart attack," is brought on by a reduction in or the cut of blood flow to a section of the heart. A myocardial infarction could be "silent," go unnoticed, or be an occurrence that results in cardiovascular decline and unexpected death.

This usually happens when one or more coronary arteries rupture an atherosclerotic plaque or when a blood clot (thrombus) forms at the site of the plaque rupture. The myocardium suffers from decreased blood flow as a result, depriving it of nutrients and oxygen. Cellular damage and dysfunction occur in the affected region of the heart muscle as a result of the resulting a condition called myocardial infarction. This can cause potentially fatal complications as well as irreversible tissue damage if left untreated.

Antiplatelet agents, ACE inhibitors, and other drugs may be prescribed after stability to treat underlying conditions and lower the risk of subsequent cardiac events.

Blood

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Arteries

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Arteries carry blood away from the heart, with a thick tunica media composed of smooth muscle responsible for regulating lumen size through vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Additionally, arteries contain elastic tissue that enables their walls to stretch, accommodating higher pressure within the circulatory system.

Veins

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Veins return blood to the heart, characterized by thinner walls compared to arteries and containing valves to prevent backflow. They operate under lower pressure than arteries within the circulatory system.

Capillaries

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Capillaries exchange vessels as the site for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and surrounding cells, with a small diameter that slows blood flow. These vessels lack a tunica media and externa, instead consisting of a single layer of endothelium and connective tissue.

Components of blood

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The components of blood include 55% of plasma, and 45% are made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Red blood cells (RBC)

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Red blood cells, which are biconcave disks, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, lack a nucleus or other organelles to save space for oxygen, and contain hemoglobin, a protein responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.

White blood cells (WBC)

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Cells involved in immune function combat invading microbes, containing nuclei and organelles but lacking hemoglobin, and their elevated levels can indicate an infection.

RH blood group

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Named after the Rh antigen found in the Rhesus monkey, Rh+ (Rh positive) red blood cells (RBCs) have the Rh antigen, while Rh- (Rh negative) RBCs lack this antigen. Normally, blood does not contain any Rh antibodies. However, if an Rh- individual receives an Rh+ transfusion, the immune system begins producing anti-Rh antibodies that persist in the blood.

Type O

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Type O blood is when they have neither A or B antigens and is the universal blood donor as the antigens will not attack this blood type.

Type A

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Type A blood is the type that has Anti B antibody as it is an A type and will attack B blood types.

Type B

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Type B blood type has Anti A antibody and it is a B blood type and will attack A type blood.

Type AB

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Type AB has both A and B antibodies which means that they can only received blood from the same exact type as they have both antibodies and will attack both A and B blood types.

Cardiac cycle

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The heart undergoes a sequence of pressure fluctuations. Blood flows through several heart chambers and throughout the body as a result of these pressure variations. The rhythmic contraction of the heart muscle is the result of conductive electrochemical changes that occur within the myocardial, causing these pressure variations.

Cardiovascular system with relation to the Urinary system

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Kidney blood filtration

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In the nephrons, kidney blood filtration takes place. Once blood enters the glomera, small molecules and water are forced out by pressure to produce filtrate. Waste products are expelled from the body, while necessary substances are reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Urine is made from the filtrate residue.

Kidney regulating blood pressure

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Through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the kidneys assist in controlling blood pressure. Renin is released into the bloodstream by specific kidney cells in response to a drop in blood pressure. Angiotensinogen is stimulated upon by renin, resulting in the production of angiotensin 1, which is then transformed into angiotensin 2 by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Vasoconstriction brought on by angiotensin 2 stimulates the release of aldosterone, which in turn increases the kidneys' reabsorption of water and salt, raising blood pressure and volume.

Cardiovascular system with relation to the Respiratory system

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References

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Renin, Angiotensin, Angiotensin 1, Angiotensin 2, Aldosterone

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