The Historical Impact of Photography by Hannah Steinhoff

1800s

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Daguerreotype camera

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- Created by Frenchman Louis Jacques-Mande Daguerre

- It could take very good pictures but they couldn't be mass produced like the Calotype camera, which came out around the same time

1839- Photography is officially invented

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- First permanent photo ever taken by Nicéphore Niépce

1854-1856: Crimean War

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- The Crimean War was the first European War to be well photographed

1861- 1865: American Civil War

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- Was the 1st well-documented American War

- Was even more documented than the Crimean War

1900s

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1914-1919 World War I

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- Was the 1st war to use photography for airplane reconnaissance

- Censoring played a major role in the war

World War II 1939-1945

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- The camera became a weapon for both sides

- Used for propaganda and war trials

1851 - Wet Collodion Photography is invented

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- Also known as wet paint photography

- Melded together the Daguerreotype and Calotype together into an easier process

1840 - Calotype Camera

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- Created by William Henry Fox Talbot

- The pictures it took could be replicated but it lacked the detail found in Daguerreotype cameras

Major Photographers

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- Robert Fenton was one of the more famous war photographers that took pictures for the British

- Other photographers that made a name for themselves were James Robertson (British), Felice Beato (Italian/British), and Carol Szathmari (Austro-Hungarian)

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-Hired by their countries to go to the battlefield and take pictures

- The pictures weren't for propaganda though, just documentation

- It is also unclear if the government's censored the photographers' work or not

Camera Medium Used: Wet Collodion

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- It was very dangerous for photographers on the battlefield

- They were big targets because they had to bring their darkrooms with them

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- Just getting to the warzone was also very dangerous

- Some photographers died at sea while on their way to the Crimea

The Valley of the Shadow of Death

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- Taken by Robert Fenton

- Known as the 1st iconic war photo

- Also one of the first 'staged' war photos

Major Photographers

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- Mathew Brady, Alexander Gardner, and Timothy O’Sullivan

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- Unlike the Crimean War American photographers captured the horrors of war

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- Civilians became aware of what was happen on the battlefield for the first time

Newspapers

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- Still couldn't put photos in articles

- Had to put in engravings of photos

Camera Medium Used: Wet Collodion

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- Alexander Gardner and his portable darkroom

- Faced the same dangers Crimean war photographers had faced with their large darkrooms

Doctored Photos

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- Many iconic photos of the Civil War were actually doctored like this iconic Lincoln portrait

- The body is actually John Calhoun's

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- This photo of General Ulysses S. Grant is made up of three separate photos

Allied Western Front Major Photographers

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- Ernest Brooks (british), William Rider-Rider (canadian),Ivor Castle (canadian), Frank Hurley (australian), Charles Bean (australian)

- Only 12 photographers were allowed to take pictures of the whole western front due to allied censoring

Newspaper

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- Finally had the technology to put real photos in newspaper articles

- Governments had to figure out to allow photos to be shown in newspapers without leaking any top-secret information

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- This is what lead to the major censoring during the war

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- They could take whatever pictures they wanted as long as they weren't published

- Most did not specifically focus on the horrors of trench-warfare

Camera Medium Used: Kodak Cameras

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- Photographers were no longer sitting ducks

- It was still too dangerous though for them to take pictures during battles

1888: The Kodak Camera is invented

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- Created by George Eastman

- The camera became smaller and cheaper

- Now everyone could be a photographer

Eastern Front Allied and the Central Powers

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- There is little information any censorship photographers may have faced on the Eastern Front

- Likewise there is very little information concerning how the Central Powers used photography other than for aerial reconnaissance

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- However both sides of the Eastern Front were well documented

- Military patrol and loaded sledge in Eastern Galicia. 1915

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- A group in gas defense masks, 1915

Airplanes

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- Special cameras were created specifically for airplane reconiassance

- It was very dangerous

-Allowed for the deep penetration of enemy-held territory

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- Both sides relied on these photos to reveal enemy locations

Cameras Used

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- Germans generally used the Minox camera

- Was used for spying because it was so small

War Trials

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- During the trials tabooed photographs taken off of dead Nazi soldiers played a key role in the trials

1938: Color Photography is invented

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- Kodak came out with the Kodachrome film

- allowed colored photos to be taken

Colored Photography

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- Was not used as frequently as black and white

- The few colored pictures taken were censored due to the realness of the photos

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- Hitler and Mussolini in Italy, 1938

Censoring

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- Censoring was much less severe than previously for the Allies

- There was still the general censoring but governments had to rely more on self-censoring

- Germany though was very strict with censoring.

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- Some Russian soldiers used FED

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- American military issued Kodak cameras

Major Photographers

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- Robert Capa (Hungarian), Margaret Bourke-White (American), and Eugene Smith (American)

- Photo by Robert Capa

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- Hitler used war photography as propaganda

- Encouraged their soldiers to take photos to help improve morale

- Ironically some of these very photos were used against the Germans during the War Trials as evidence

Airplane Photography

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- Of course photography was still being used in aerial reconnassiance

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- The destruction of WWII