Mechanism of antibody production and function by https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c Hye guys, lets discuss about this topic. What do you understand about antibody, how its been produced and classes of antibodies as well as its functions en-us 2017-09-14 13:35:34 UTC 2026-01-26 16:37:00 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/91810442/4eab4ab0d7f4cb776574703dd4e24fd6/giraffe_icon.svg antibodies produced by plasma cells. ija0804 https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187575400 2017-09-14 14:14:16 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187575400 Major Classes of antibodies ija0804 https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187585323 Major Classes of antibody
 IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
IgA- Protects the mucosal surfaces (nasal, tracheal)
IgD-
IgE- Mast cell, eosinophil degranulation (allergy or parasite)
IgG- becomes dominant a/b in circulation after acute infection, nuetralizes toxin
IgM- first a/b after infection (1st body defense?)]]> 2017-09-14 14:32:18 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187585323 Prevent and stop infection ija0804 https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187586479 2017-09-14 14:34:33 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187586479 Antibodies production luqmanabdulsamad94 https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187603366 Antibodies generally produced when there's an antigen present and B cell started to produce plasma cell to produce antibodies ]]> 2017-09-14 15:05:48 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187603366 To form antibody-antigen complex luqmanabdulsamad94 https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187604286 It binds to antigen and phagocytised by macrophage]]> 2017-09-14 15:07:20 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187604286 luqmanabdulsamad94 https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187604817 IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE]]> 2017-09-14 15:08:25 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187604817 azilyanafadzli https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187781511 Antibodies are mucoproteins that are found in the y-globulin fraction of serum on electrophoresis. ]]> 2017-09-14 23:37:26 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/187781511 Image of the antibody mabel_kittie https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188308856 just for reference if we gonna draw it out.]]> 2017-09-18 02:55:51 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188308856 mabel_kittie https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188309164 2017-09-18 02:59:13 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188309164 ZAKIRAWARANIS Opsonization is the process by which a pathogen is marked and ingestion and eliminated by a phagocyte https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188729528
Neutralisation is refers to the ability of specific antibodies to block the site on viruses that they use to enter their target cell

 Complement is a system of plasma proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibody, leading to a cascade of reactions that occurs on the surface of pathogens and generates active components with various effector functions]]> 2017-09-19 03:26:11 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188729528 Classes of antibody and its function azilyanafadzli https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188729986 IgG (The highest concentration class found in serum)
-Secreted by plasma cells in the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow. IgG binds to specific antigen on bacterial surfaces. This bind cause agglutination and lead to opsonization.]]> 2017-09-19 03:30:26 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188729986 Major Histoompatibility https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188790799 MHC molecules bind with peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them in the cell surface for recognition by T cells.
Why they do so ? 
To  delete the pathogen

]]> 2017-09-19 08:54:14 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188790799 jessy_lee8 https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188792624 The helper T cell binds to the antigen-MHC class II complex and is induced to release cytokines that induce the B cell to divide rapidly, making thousands of identical (clonal) cells. These daughter cells become either plasma cells or memory B cells. ]]> 2017-09-19 09:00:26 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188792624 Properties of MHC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188795711 it make it difficult for pathogens to evade immune responses in this way
1. polygenic-contain several loci encoding proteins of identical function.
2. polymorphism - ability to respond to the multitude and rapidly evolving pathogen

]]> 2017-09-19 09:12:05 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/188795711 Difference between primary and secondary response tan_khai https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/189202372 Primary immune response occurs when an antigen comes in contact to the immune system for the first time. During this time the immune system has to learn to recognize antigen and how to make antibody against it and eventually produce memory lymphocytes.

Secondary immune response occurs when the second time (3rd, 4th, etc.) the person is exposed to the same antigen. At this point immunological memory has been established and the immune system can start making antibodies immediately.

]]> 2017-09-20 07:42:17 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/189202372 syedhakim001 https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/190555952 2017-09-24 13:31:50 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/190555952 Immune responses to antigens may be categorised as primary or secondary responses. The primary immune response of the body to antigen occurs on the first occasion it is encountered. Depending on the nature of the antigen and the site of entry this response can take up to 14 days to resolve and leads to the generation of memory cells with a high specificity for the inducing antigen. The humoral response, mediated by B cells with the help of T cells, produces high‐affinity and antigen‐specific antibodies. This is in contrast with the CD8 T‐cell response which leads to the generation of large numbers of antigen‐specific cells that are capable of directly killing infected cells. Antigen‐specific CD4 T cells, which provide help to B cells in the form of cytokines and other stimulatory factors, can also be expanded upon antigenic stimulation.The secondary response of both B‐ and T cells is observed following subsequent encounter with the same antigen and is more rapid leading to the activation of previously generated memory cells. This has some quantitative and qualitative differences from the primary response. syedhakim001 https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/190556230 2017-09-24 13:33:29 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/190556230 IgE is the most important mediator of hypersensitivity or allergic reactions. When it binds to multivalent antigens there is activation of the mast cell, which releases chemical mediators stored in granules and capable of mediating local inflammatory reactions. This is called mast cell degranulation. syedhakim001 https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/190556507 2017-09-24 13:35:19 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/190556507 Opsonization – Those microbes that replicate outside cells are removed by an interaction of the Fc part with specific receptors on the surface of elector cells. The antibodies coat the surface of the pathogen and allow binding of their Fc domains to Fc receptors present on elector cells. The macrophages and neutrophils then engulf the pathogen and internalize the microbe causing its destruction. syedhakim001 https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/190556576 2017-09-24 13:35:56 UTC https://padlet.com/azilyanafadzli/fj6wdadto65c/wish/190556576