1. Language Differences:

Explanation: When people speak different languages or use specialized jargon, it can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations. For example, technical terms in a specific field might not be understood by someone outside that field.

2. Cultural Differences:

Explanation: Cultural norms, values, and customs can influence how messages are interpreted. For instance, gestures or expressions that are acceptable in one culture might be offensive in another, leading to communication breakdowns.

3. Physical Barriers:

Explanation: Environmental factors such as noise, poor lighting, or physical distance can impede the transmission of messages. For example, trying to have a conversation in a noisy factory can make it difficult to hear and understand each other.

4. Emotional Barriers:

Explanation: Personal emotions like anger, sadness, or anxiety can affect how messages are sent and received. For instance, if someone is upset, they might misinterpret neutral comments as negative.

5. Perceptual Barriers:

Explanation: Differences in perception and viewpoint can lead to misunderstandings. For example, two people might perceive the same situation differently based on their past experiences, leading to different interpretations of the same message.

6. Psychological Barriers:

Explanation: Mental states such as stress, cognitive biases, or preconceptions can affect how information is processed. For instance, if someone is stressed, they might not fully focus on the conversation, leading to missed or misunderstood information.

7. Organizational Barriers:

Explanation: Hierarchical structures and inefficient communication channels within organizations can obstruct the flow of information. For example, if communication is only top-down, employees might feel their feedback is not valued, leading to disengagement.

Addressing these barriers involves improving communication skills, fostering an inclusive environment, and using clear and effective communication methods.

• bias and lack of interest caused by attitudinal differences

• demographic differences - different generations may view things differently and find it hard to relate to others. Common sense is based upon background.

• triggers and filters - common sense may be different and people might take things in a way that was not intended by the sender.

language

• technical vocabulary, lack of detail,

• disorganised messages - lack of clarity can cause confusion

• information overload - talking too much, not allowing people to actively listen or listen effectively.

physical

• distance - online work can prevent you from understanding through body language and eye contact

• noise/environmental - background noise can drown out the sound from the sender and the receiver might find it hard to hear or form a response in their mind

• difficulty hearing correctly - disabilities pose as a barrier, such as deaf ears, and language can cause a problem because people may hear words differently.

psychological

• stress - people can't speak and respond effectively. this can cause patients to feel worse before/during/after treatment

• stigma - people may have been mocked which causes them to avoid communication. (links to culture)

• lack of clarity because they may be afraid to give more detail about their condition

• mental health disorders may cause patients to shut down and refuse to speak

technological

• systems can shut down

• people can't see social cues because it is over text

makaton - allows easy communication

technological - record information from when he was awake.

wait for a window that he's awake - involving the patient because he is verbal.

written communication - he can write when he is awake

Communication aids are often called augmentative or alternative communication aids or AAC. There are

a broad range of AAC devices, these include: charts with pictures, symbols, letters or words. simple single message voice output devices. applications that run on tablets and mobile phones.

The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is an augmentative and alternative communication

(AAC) system (i.e. a communication method other than speech) that involves the physical exchange of pictures to communicate with another person for the purpose of requesting or commenting.About AAC – Communication Books and BoardsCommunication boards are special tools that help people with disabilities communicate when they have

difficulty speaking. These boards have symbols or pictures that represent different words, phrases, or ideas.

For someone whose first language isn't English, advocacy means getting support from another person to help them express their and wishes in another language and to help them stand up for their rights.

A professional bilingual advocate is a qualified interpreter who helps their client communicate in another language.

Braille is a system of touch reading and writing for blind persons in which raised dots represent the letters of the alphabet. It also contains equivalents for punctuation marks and provides symbols to show letter groupings. People read braille by moving the hand or hands from left to right along each line.

Sign language is used mainly by people who are D/deaf or have hearing impairments. Some people describe themselves as “Deaf” with a capital “D” to express pride in their Deaf identity. Find out more about D/deafness and hearing loss.