CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOUTH AND WEST ASIA TO CIVILIZATIONS by Vincent De Vera

OBJECTIVES

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At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to

Analyze the contributions of the South and Western nations of Asia in the fields of:

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LITERATURE
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ARCHITECTURE
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SCULPTURE
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PAINTING
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MUSIC
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DANCE
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SPORTS
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OTHERS
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2. Explain the effects of the South and West Asian nations' beliefs, traditions, and philosophies on their contribution to civilizations, and;
3. Analyze ideas that would be of importance in the development of the assigned tasks.

vincent_devera4565 — 2018-05-03 16:40:39 UTC

Asian arts are usually classified as

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East Asian
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Southeast Asoan
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Arabic
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Indian Arts
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vincent_devera4565 — 2018-05-03 16:44:22 UTC

Asian Arts are especially in literary works are mostly influenced by three areas: (1) Social Norms, (2) Morals, and (3) Customs.
It also stresses out behavioral patterns such as loyalty to the king, filial piety, respect for the father, and elders, true friendship, and chastity for women.

SOUTH AND WEST ASIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATIONS IN VARIOUS FIELDS

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A.LITERATURE

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Indian literature is known as the oldest literature in the world because of its vast cultural diversities which had produced huge volumes of literary works.
Indian literature is categorized into two which are

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Shruti literature
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Smriti literature
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Rig Veda is the oldest literary work in the history of mankind.
Vedas are the most renowned asset of mankind.

TWO EPICS OF SMRITI LITERATURE

Mahabharata - one of the greatest and longest epic in the world which gives us the account of the tribal wars in India
Ramayana - gives us the account of an epic hero Rama and his wife Sita

source

vincent_devera4565 — 2018-05-04 07:38:11 UTC

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Smriti
https://www.gktoday.in/gk/shruti-smriti/
https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipMNb4PyrAh3jHv_1y_gPwzY1p152y179heUGRz7=w241-h160-k-no

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Arabic literature

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Is written in the Arabic language
Written by Arabic speaking Turks, Persians, Syrians, and other Asians.
Created in the 4th and 7th Century.
their literature is composed of short personal qasida (odes) and others longer than 100 lines.
Qasida (odes) usually express the love of nature, bravery, themes of love, struggles, pursuit, and especially the supremacy of God.

WELL KNOWN POETS OF QASIDA (odes)

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Amru al-Qais or Imru' al-Qais

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2. Antarah ibn Shaddad, also known as ʿAntar

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3. Zuhayr bin Abī Sūlmā, also Romanized as Zuhair or Zoheir

KALIDASA

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The greatest literary Indian writer

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When Islam was introduced, Qu'ran became the essential focus of learning and presentations.
Arabic prose became available and the Arabic language carved the pathway to science and philosophy.
In the 8th and 9th Centuries, the Arabic literature gave rise to a new Arabic-Persian culture in Baghdad (capital of Abbasids).
in this time the Arabic language, law history, and mathematics were refined. the Arabic poetry was also compiled
Well known Arabic literature is "One Thousand and One Nights" and Omar Khayyam's "Rubaiyat". These two were the most read Arabic literature.

The Collection of Arabic Prose was written by

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Bukhari
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Tabari
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Masudi
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Ibn Khaldun
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Ibn al-Athir
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Ibn Batuta
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Note!!!
These personalities are considered as the greatest writers of the time. Zaynab was considered as the first moden Arabic literature.

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B. PAINTING

Indian visual arts wee fist discovered in the primitive cave or rock paintings. the painting portrayed animals and scenes of human activities in the ancient time (e.g hunting )
Indian paintings provide various artistic covers from the early civilization until the present day.The paintings have also evolved from being religious to a fusion of various cultures and traditions.

TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF INDIAN PAINTINGS

MURALS - are large works done on the walls of solid structures, just like Ajanta Caves and the Kailashnath temple.
MINIATURES - are all done for books or albums or it can be drawn on paper or cloth.

Islamic paintings usually picture elements of repeated geometric floral and plant designs known as arabesque. It symbolizes the supreme, united, and endless nature of God.
Islamic Art focuses on the description of patterns and Arabic script, rather than on figures.

NOTE!!!!!

Muslims believe that the depiction of the human form is a form of idolatry, the worship of a physical object as a God is a sin against God. Such is forbidden in Qur'an.

AJANTA CAVES

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The most significant early Indian Paintings

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C. INDIAN SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE

Began in the Harappan civilization
The Harappan "Great Baths" and urban planning skills proved them to be skilled in construction
The stone images of their gods and seals revealed their artistry.
Indians mostly build their unique temples near rivers, and centers of pilgrimage so that man people will come.

THREE SYMBOLIC ELEMENTS

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Earth - the base
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Space - the walls
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Heaven - the spire
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These three symbols represent the feet, bod, and head of the cosmic man.

ARABIC SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE

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Both embrace religious and non-spiritual forms.
Islamic architecture and sculpture were influenced by the Roman-Byzantine and Persian arts.
The architectural styles are commonly seen in Mosque, tomb, Palace, and Forts.

The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is the most important and famous Islamic architecture.
Another known Islamic architecture ae the Great Mosque of Damascus, the Great Mosque of
Samarra, and Abu Dalaf in Iraq.

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DANCE AND MUSIC IN SOUTH AND WEST ASIA

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The dance among Indians shows images of Nataraja while the Indian God Shiva is described.
Natya Shastra is the oldest Indian dance.
the dances evolved from folk dances to storytelling has drawn dances which came from the Indian epics.
Dance-dramas is the collection of dances. Dance-dramas are performed with actions which means it includes various facial expressions (mudra), hand movements (hasta), and various moods (e.g anger, envy, greed, lust, ego, etc.)
Theology is the study of faith, practice, and experience, and worship.
The Indian classical dance is considered to be the oldest ancient dances reflecting a seamless gesture and movement. This is currently known as "Belly Dance". Belly dancing originated with the birth of women specifically because of the natural body movement that shows the feminine side.

Indian music was actually tended to be sacred and temples serve as places for practice. Indian musical instruments include Tambora, sarod, satar, tabla, and others.
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Arabian music

Is an independent te of music and is still alive still today.
Is composed of poetry which was converted to music with refined sequences and rhythm.
Impromptu poetry is used in Aab weddings.
Its musical instruments include the harp, lyre, drum, tambourine, flute, and reed
Oud pearl shaped stringed instrument.

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abla

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abla

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D. SPORTS

Started in the Vedic Era,
Sports activities include hunting, swimming, boating, archery, horse riding, wrestling, and fishing.

CHESS

According to wites and historians, chess originated in India and was late passed on the Persians.
Known in India as Chatur-Anga. The Four Anga is the elephants, horses, chariots, and foot soldiers.
Checkmate came from Shat Mat which means" the king is dead".
Astapada means eight steps.

PLAYING CARDS

Originated in ancient India and was known as "Kridaatrams"
The most favorite pastime games of nobility and royalty of the Indian Royal Courts.
Abu Fazal created the game. Gave the idea that eve king has 11 followers.
Mughals painted the cards with themes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata

MARTIAL ARTS

Origin of Judo and Karate.
Kalaripayate - similar to karate.
Judo and Karate are reflections of Buddhist attitude towards life.
This was used by monks when they are exposed to dangers.
This is a type of art that which its sole purpose is to defend the weak.
It later on spread in China, Japan, and Korea.

vincent_devera4565 — 2018-05-04 13:40:59 UTC

E. MATHEMATICS

The Arabs contributed to the field of mathematics. the Arabic numeral and Arabic zero provided new solutions to complex mathematical problems.
the Arab decimal system simplified a case in science.
Algebra also came from the Arab who has also made advances in trigonometry.
The law of inheritance from the Koran motivated the invention of algebra by Al-Khwaizmi.

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Arabic numera

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F. ASTRONOMY

Astrolabe was used to record the time the sun rises and sets. the chat period fo fasting and time fo praying.
Gave the Arabs the way to define the length of a degree, and read the zodiac.
Longitude and Latitude was introduced
Gave them the ability to know the speed of sound and light.
rotation of the earth and its axis a theory later proved by Galileo six centuries later.

vincent_devera4565 — 2018-05-04 13:59:01 UTC

G. MEDICINE

Arabs were the one who pioneered and improved therapeutic ats of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Al-Razi was the first to discover smallpox, measles, and allied diseases. He was considered an authority in infection. He also came with an invention of a mercurial ointment and the use of animal gut for sutures and stitches. His medical research was used in the 16th Century of Europe.
Ibn Sina, an Arab. he is considered as the greatest writer in medicine during the middle ages.
Avicenna pioneered the study of mental health which currently considered as psychotherapists.
Ibn al-Nafis from Syria. Discovered the principles of pulmonary circulation.

HERBAL MEDICINES

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camphor
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cloves
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myrrh
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syrups
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juleps
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rosewater
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cinnamon
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rosemary
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vincent_devera4565 — 2018-05-04 13:59:03 UTC

I. Crafts

The Arabs raised small scale crafts to perfection
small scale crafts are made of glassware, ceramics, and textile weaves
Arabs crafts are shown in wall coverings, these coverings include intricately designed mosaics, tiles, carvings, and paintings
Syrian glasses and crystals were in great demand in Renaissance Europe
arabs keen in silk weaving
linens made of Muslim cotton, and shiraz wool became bywords quality fo Europeans

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H. HORTICULTURE

Al-Filahat and Ibn al-Awam discovered the method of grafting, soil conditioning, and the curing of diseased vines and trees.
They were the ones responsible for the wine industry.
Gave the rise for the production of perfumes from fragnat flower ans hebs

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Discovered

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Vincent Rolly A. De Vera
7 - Joel
Social Studies