https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9 en-us 2017-08-14 23:15:19 UTC 2023-05-24 22:34:19 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Templeball.png rozhin75 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/180999378 The objectives of this lab are to determine the friction factor for ½” clear PVC pipe in both the laminar and turbulent flow, determine energy losses inside different pipe systems, and identify the relationship and dependency of Reynolds number on pipe components such as flow meter, ball valves, parallel symmetric pipe circuits, and parallel asymmetric pipe circuits. This would be achieved by building a piping system, based on the first laboratory of this course, that includes a constant head tank, inflow pipe, outflow pipe, over flow pipe, and a pump connected to a power supply that allows us to control the flow inside the system. The focus of this lab is on the outflow piping system. Four different pipe regimes were built and the influence of each assemblies components on energy loss was examined through use of energy equations.

]]> 2017-08-14 23:19:31 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/180999378 rozhin75 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/180999431 In this experiment, a piping system was constructed with a constant head tank, pipes, pump, twelve volt power supply, flow meter, a variety of connecting pipes including; 90^o elbow, 45^o elbow, 180^o return bend, tee, and union connectors. The experiment was sectioned into four different assemblies of outlets pipes. The first assembly includes a simple right-angled elbow shown to the right as ‘Assembly 1’. The other assemblies are shown underneath their corresponding names, and further details of how each assembly was tested can be found in each of their corresponding sections. The overall method for each experiment involved creating an inlet flow with a pump that would travel through the outlet pipes in each of the assemblies. The measurement that was recorded that was used to collect data was the pressure differential between the start of the outlet pipe, to roughly the ending point of each different assembly. This difference in pressure is caused by the losses that are created by the various components in each assembly, and with the different assemblies we are able to calculate major and minor losses for each of the components.]]> 2017-08-14 23:20:20 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/180999431 rozhin75 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/180999489 In order to figure out major and minor head losses for various piping components, the following four different assemblies were built and tested. To use the equations listed in the Theory and Analysis section we first require a method to calculate the velocity in each test.
Three different flow meters were necessary to find the velocity for the assemblies. A calibration was first done so that velocity could be recorded for the further assembly experiments.]]> 2017-08-14 23:21:05 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/180999489 rozhin75 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/180999749 This experiment started off by determining the friction factor as well as a Reynolds number in a regular section of pipe. Once that had been completed the first assembly was constructed. This first assembly contained a flow meter with a pressure sensor before and after the flowmeter. First the flowmeter was calibrated using techniques from lab one where frequency was record and volume measurements were timed. This allowed for a graph to be plotted that gave an equation from which the frequency delivered to the laptop from the flowmeter could be converted to flowrate without having to measure flow rate directly. Once the flowmeter was calibrated frequency and corresponding pressure drop across the flowmeter was recorded as a height difference between two water columns from the pressure taps. Using the flowrate to determine velocity and the previously determined friction factor the pressure drop across just the flowmeter could be calculated using the energy equation for incompressible fully developed pipe flow. From there the next assembly was constructed. This second assembly contained 3 ball valves, 2 90 degree elbows, 3 unions and a flowmeter. The goal of this second assembly was to compare theoretical values for pressure drop across a ball valve with experimental pressure drop conducted in the lab. In table 8.2 of the course textbook the values for certain loss coefficient can be found. The loss coefficient for the ball valve allowed for the theoretical calculation of the pressure drop across the ball valve. Experimentally it was calculated through the use of the previously mentioned energy equation and the pressure difference measured from the beginning to the end. By adding 3 ball valve in series it magnified the pressure difference so that it allowed an easier and more accurate reading of pressure drop across one valve. For the third assembly the flow was split into two symmetric legs from which the flow rate from each leg could be recorded. A total pressure loss was calculated and divided in two for the average pressure loss since both legs where the same. In the final assembly one leg from assembly three was modified and flow rate for each leg was once again recorded. The total pressure loss was calculated in the same way however the average was calculated differently. Using the average pressure loss gather in assembly three and subtracting it from the total pressure loss of assembly four the average pressure loss of four was determined. ]]> 2017-08-14 23:24:42 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/180999749 rozhin75 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/180999768 From the Reynolds number it was determined that the flow for the entire lab was turbulent. The friction factor was determined for the ½ clear PVC pipe. The four assemblies had their head losses quantified based on their pressure differences and the components they were made up of. In the lab the pressure loss for the flow meter was explored and quantified. Experimental pressure loss of a ball valve was compared to theoretical information. The effects of symmetric and asymmetric pipe circuits on pressure loss was also explored. Overall the lab was effective and completed all of the objectives required.]]> 2017-08-14 23:25:00 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/180999768 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181001187 The second assembly involved measuring the pressure drop after three ball valves, which were varied in how much they were open.]]> 2017-08-14 23:44:28 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181001187 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181001198 The third assembly involved creating a symmetrical outflow system that would contain two main flow channels each with their own flow meter.]]> 2017-08-14 23:44:33 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181001198 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181001208 The fourth assembly involves taking the third assembly, and adding an additional five components to it, to determine the difference the added components have on the flow rate and head loss.]]> 2017-08-14 23:44:38 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181001208 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181068172 For each Assembly, multiple recordings are taken for frequency and time elapsed for the outlet flow to fill a set volume. Then, using these values a calibration curve for each flow meter was created, as seen in the document below.

]]> 2017-08-15 11:37:07 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181068172 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181094403 2017-08-15 14:41:48 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181094403 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181096064 2017-08-15 14:51:02 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181096064 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181098530 2017-08-15 15:05:14 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181098530 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181100646 2017-08-15 15:15:19 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181100646 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181100985 2017-08-15 15:16:58 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181100985 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181102270 The basic equation at the center of this experiment is the energy equation for a steady incompressible flow with the head loss term included, this is equation [1] below.

In this experiment we are trying to calculate the relationships between the components used in pipe and the dimensions; specifically length, and the total amount of head loss caused by these components. To calculate the head loss, the pressure differential between the point before the tested components, and the point after the tested components must be compared. Expanding on the first equation we can break the head loss term into its components and include the terms for velocity,  diameter, and friction factor. This equation [2] can be seen below.

Finally, for the larger assemblies and for calculating total head loss for a system that includes many different components, another equation must be derived to include the minor and major losses. Equation [3] includes terms for the major and minor head losses, and will be used for each of the assemblies, it can be found below.]]> 2017-08-15 15:23:05 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181102270 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181104875 v = velocity
h = head loss]]> 2017-08-15 15:38:15 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181104875 kyle_muir https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181106769 The first assembly involved taking a pressure drop reading over a flow meter, and a short length of PVC piping.]]> 2017-08-15 15:47:49 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181106769 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181109332 f = friction factor
D = diameter]]> 2017-08-15 15:59:55 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181109332 kyle_muir https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181109578 2017-08-15 16:01:15 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181109578 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181110050 K = loss coefficient ]]> 2017-08-15 16:03:31 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181110050 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181112755 2017-08-15 16:19:09 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181112755 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181113206 2017-08-15 16:21:56 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181113206 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181115675 2017-08-15 16:37:04 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181115675 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181116240 With the flow meters calibrated, all of the values necessary to calculate Reynolds Number become available. A measurement of the diameter of the PVC piping is done and velocity is recorded. The document below shows the results for these calculations:]]> 2017-08-15 16:40:11 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181116240 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181117539 2017-08-15 16:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181117539 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181121398 2017-08-15 17:08:42 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181121398 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181121592 2017-08-15 17:09:36 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181121592 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181122166 2017-08-15 17:11:57 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181122166 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181123591 2017-08-15 17:19:17 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181123591 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181124649 2017-08-15 17:26:05 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181124649 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181124832 2017-08-15 17:27:27 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181124832 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181126026 2017-08-15 17:33:12 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181126026 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181127479 2017-08-15 17:40:42 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181127479 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181129543 2017-08-15 17:51:39 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181129543 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181131037 2017-08-15 17:59:41 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181131037 jmcausland66 https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181131178 2017-08-15 18:00:22 UTC https://padlet.com/rozhin75/fez1gu7zouw9/wish/181131178