Anthrax by Zelda Ibarra https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex Bacillus anthracis en-us 2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC 2025-10-29 20:40:07 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f52c.png 8. Prevention 💉 ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517302
  • Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) builds protection against forms of anthrax. AVA is a series of 5 shots over 18 months along with boosters. It is not available to the general public. 
  • Avoid handling infected livestock 
  • While traveling avoid handling animal hides. 
  • If exposed to anthrax seek medical attention immediately.
    • ]]>     2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517302     3. Mode of transmission ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517312 Anthrax infection occurs when spores enter the hosts body.
    Spores -> vegetative cells -> toxins -> illness
    • Breathing in aerosolized spores from contaminated animal hides, wool, or hair. 
    • Ingesting spores by eating meat from infected animal or drinking spore contaminated water. 
    • Spores enter a cut or scrape on the skin of host by petting or handling infected animal or products. 
    • Spores enter through use of spore contaminated needles. 
    Anthrax is not contagious. It is very rare for anthrax to spread from person to person. 
    ]]>     2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517312     4. Symptoms of Disease ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517316 All forms of anthrax cause fever and chills. However other symptoms vary depending on the type of anthrax. 
    • Inhalation anthrax
      Chest pain
      Cough
      Shortness of breath  
      Severe respiratory distress 
      Shock
    • Gastrointestinal anthrax
      Excessive sweating
      Painful swallowing
      Stomach pain
      Nausea and vomiting with blood
      Bloody diarrhea 
      Swelling of abdomen
    • Cutaneous anthrax
      Small, itchy blisters 
      Swelling 
      Painless ulcers with black center in locations such as arms, hands and face. 
    • Injection anthrax
      Abscesses occur deep under skin or in the muscle location of the injection. 
    ]]>     2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517316     Citations ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517317
  • Jiranantasak, T., Benn, J. S., Metrailer, M. C., Sawyer, S. J., Burns, M. Q., Bluhm, A. P., . . . Norris, M. H. (2022). Characterization of 0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2bacillus anthracis1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2 replication and persistence on environmental substrates associated with wildlife anthrax outbreaks. PLoS One, 17(9) doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274645
  • Bacillus anthracis - key characteristics. Bacillus characteristics - SD Dept. of Health. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2022, from https://doh.sd.gov/lab/resources/bt/Bacillus/key.aspx 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, November 20). Symptoms of anthrax. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 31, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/symptoms/index.html 
  • Bower, W. A., Hendricks, K. A., Vieira, A. R., Traxler, R. M., Weiner, Z., Lynfield, R., & Hoffmaster, A. (2022). What is anthrax? Pathogens, 11(6), 690. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060690
  • Department of Health. Anthrax (malignant edema, woolsorters' disease). (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/anthrax/fact_sheet.htm
  • Ciprofloxacin  (PDF version). Ciprofloxacin. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2022, from http://www.antimicrobe.org/new/drugpopup/ciprofloxacin.htm  
  • ScienceDaily. (2004, April 28). Anthrax survivors continued to have health problems one year after exposure. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 18, 2022, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/04/040428062532.htm 
  • Ascough, S., Ingram, R. J., Chu, K. K. Y., Moore, S. J., Gallagher, T., Dyson, H., . . . Altmann, D. M. (2022). Impact of HLA polymorphism on the immune response to bacillus anthracis protective antigen in vaccination versus natural infection. Vaccines, 10(10), 1571. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101571
  • Campoli-Richards DM;Monk JP;Price A;Benfield P;Todd PA;Ward A; (n.d.). Ciprofloxacin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs. Retrieved November 7, 2022, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3292209/
  • New Maps reveal first global estimate of anthrax risk. Articles - Global Anthrax Maps - Emerging Pathogens Institute - University of Florida. (n.d.). Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www.epi.ufl.edu/articles/global-anthrax-maps.html 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, July 23). Anthrax infection diagnosis & testing. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 28, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/lab-testing/index.html 
  • U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Home - books - NCBI. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved October 28, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books 
  • Navigation and Service. RKI. (n.d.). Retrieved November 1, 2022, from https://www.rki.de/EN/Content/infections/Diagnostics/NatRefCentresConsultantLab/CONSULAB/EM-images/EM_Tab_Anthrax_en.html 
    • ]]>     2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517317     1. Causative Agent 🔬 🧫 ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517321 Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a Gram-positive bacterium naturally occurring in the environment worldwide where it forms resilient, dormant spores capable of surviving for extended periods of time [3, 4]. 
    • Gram-positive 
    • Rod-shaped 
    • Spore-forming
    • Nonmotile
    • Found in the earths soil 
    ]]>     2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517321     2. Virulence factor 🦠 ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517323 How do endospores contribute to pathogenicity?
    • Highly resistant to various forms of microbial control methods such as high temperatures, radiation, desiccation, and chemicals. 
    • Germinate vegetative cells which are metabolically active and produce exotoxins PA, LF, and EF. When the three exotoxins combine they produce LT and ET. LT and ET inhibit the host innate immune system allowing for survival. 
    • Provide protection allowing for survival in soil. The ability of spores to persist for years and even decades in the environment is well-documented, including several reports of spore survival lasting >50 years [1,4,7,16–18]

    ]]>     2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517323     Who does Bacillus anthracis affect? 🔍 ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517326 Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, affects humans, livestock, and wildlife in multiple regions around the world. It is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, and spore-forming bacterium that primarily affects wild and domestic herbivores, resulting in high mortality rates, while also posing an important human health risk [1]. ]]> 2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517326 5. Diagnosis 🔬🧫 ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517328 Anthrax can be diagnosed in two ways. 
    1. Measuring the amount of antibodies or toxins in the blood. 
    2. Directly testing for bacillus anthracis through samples such as mucus, blood, and spinal fluid (Lumbar Puncture).
    X-Rays and CT scans may also be used to diagnose anthrax infections. 
    ]]>     2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517328     6. Treatment 💉🧬 🦠 ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517331 Antibiotics are some of the medications effective in treating anthrax.
    Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is an antibiotic that must be taken twice a day for the full 60 days prescribed. It is effective in killing anthrax and inhibiting growth. 
    • Mode of action includes inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase. DNA gyrase is
      essential in bacterial DNA replication, transcription and repair. Inhibition of DNA gyrase leads to double stranded breakage in the DNA strands. Ultimately killing Bacillus anthracis and inhibiting growth. 
    ]]>     2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517331     7. Sequelae ☢️ ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517332 Anthrax causes various physical and psychological long term effects. 
    • Scarring 
    • Fatigue 
    • Joint pain
    • Problems of the respiratory tract
    • Chronic cough
    • Memory impairment 
    • Depression 
    • Anxiety 
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder
    Individuals who survive inhalation anthrax are more likely to suffer from more severe long term effects. 

     

    ]]>     2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517332     9. Epidemiology 🌍 ✈️ ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517334 Where? It is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Central and Southwest Asia, and Central and South America. Sporadic cases occur in North America and Europe, with most occurring in Eastern and Southern Europe [8].
    Why?  The agricultural regions listed unfortunately do not have veterinary programs available that routinely vaccinate animals against anthrax.]]>     2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517334     10. Facts, Historical relevance and features🧪 ZeldaIbiol2420 https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517336 Facts 
    • Anthrax is most like to be used as a biological weapon. 

    History 
    • Used in 1914 during WW I 
    • 2001 Anthrax letters after 9/11
    • Anthrax was also likely the infamous “Black Bane” that swept through Europe in the 1600s, causing over 60,000 deaths in humans and cattle [2]. 
    Features  
    • Anthrax spores are tasteless, orderless and have no color. 
    • Netflix documentary “ The Anthrax Attacks” 
    ]]>     2023-03-30 14:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ZeldaIbiol2420/feskvcyg3rif0nex/wish/2538517336