Instrumental rationality referred to the efficiency of the means realizing given ends (values), where efficiency was based on calculations and expertise was based on scientific techniques.  Instrumental is problem solving and troubleshooting. 

Otherwise known as 'Scholar Academic Ideology', its use peaked during the 1890s, again in the 1960s, and has been prevalent throughout the 21st Century.  It is generally propagated by the state, although many private institutions will make use of these methods.

◦It is named for its premise that theories are tools or instruments able to identify reliable means-end relations found in experience, but not to identify realities beyond experience.

Theorist;-
◦John Dewey (1859-1952) 

◦Dewey was a practitioner of instrumentalism. He held that means-end relations can be discovered by reasoning inductively and deductively about experience. 

◦ 

◦Karl Popper (1902-1994). 

◦Popper was a critic of the school. He insisted that induction is not scientifically valid, and that realities can be known without experience. These contrary judgments endowed the school with the legacy of confusion and ambiguity described below. 

Curriculum workers who use the Scholar Academic Ideology view the formal education that takes place in schools as a process of acculturating children into society in such a way that they become good citizens. Priorities. Academic Disciplines. An academic discipline is: -a defined area of study.  

This ideology sorts its community into a hierarchy of expertise: scholar = expert who seeks new knowledge for the discipline; teachers = translator and transmitter of the given body of knowledge; student = recipient of this knowledge.

Supervised Practice: helping students acquire intellectual skills associated with a discipline.

A course syllabus containing the following items will be given to students at the first class meeting:

- Course objectives

- Course expected outcomes

- Different teaching strategies and methods

- How grades are determined

- Text and reference book list

- Policy on homework/late work

- Examination and quiz plans

 The Child
 -Scholar Academics are less concerned with the child than with the curriculum content.
 -When they do speak of the child, they speak of the child's mind.
 -They see students as minds at the bottom of the academic hierarchy who are capable of being raised to a higher level within the hierarchy.
 The Teacher
 -Teachers are primarily mediators between the curriculum and the student. 
 -They are "mini-scholars" who devote themselves to interpreting and presenting a discipline to students, rather than to the creation of new knowledge.

A liberal Educational Ideology is aimed at providing all people individual freedom and that it should be governed by law; within current curriculum, this would be protected by the Equality Act 2010, where Exemplifying British Values would be paramount. A liberal approach, would influence curriculum development as it would aim to accommodate all learners and provide them with a basic right to learn. As liberalist believe that most people can be reasonable, when applied to teaching the planning of curricular, would need to support a rational approach to learning. 

This would be applied in my subject specialism of the creative visual arts, where it is encouraged that all learners have the ability to freely express and comment within their peer group in a rational manner. It is envisioned that all learners can effectively critique upon their peers work in free and open approach, where change is key in progressing and developing.