Alzheimer's Disease by Michael Keyes https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3 Abnormal Psychology en-us 2018-05-29 12:28:45 UTC 2023-01-23 15:52:24 UTC hello@padlet.com Prior Knowledge mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/265019036 Alzheimer's disease is a form of dementia that severely decays a person's memory and ability to complete common activities progressively as they age.  Currently, the disease isn't curable though treatment is available.  

My interest towards researching the topic emerged after witnessing the progressing affects of the disease upon my grandmother. ]]> 2018-06-01 12:55:51 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/265019036 mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/265526461 2018-06-05 01:43:44 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/265526461 Dr. Alois Alzheimer mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/266299204 In 1906, the German physician noticed changes in the brain tissue of a patient who died from a mental illness, including symptoms of memory loss, difficulties speaking, and unpredictable behavior. 

 ]]> 2018-06-08 12:25:00 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/266299204 Emil Kraepelin mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/266301327 In 1910, the German psychiatrist first names Alzheimer's disease after fellow colleague, Dr. Alois Alzheimer. ]]> 2018-06-08 12:38:44 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/266301327 New Research: Immune System Plays a Key Role in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/266508421
Researchers of Harvard medical school released a study which views Alzheimer's disease to be, "triggered by a normal immune response gone astray or into over-drive in response to bacteria or other pathogens..." Moreover, the view and finding of the researchers suggests brains, especially of older people, may overreact to pathogens including herpes, chlamydia, and bacteria responsible for Lyme disease, leading to Alzheimer's disease. ]]> 2018-06-10 22:51:28 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/266508421 Popular Theories: Part I mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/266510067 Senile Plagues
An extracellular collection of proteins known as amyloid beta, senile plaques accumulate and cause damage to areas of the brain such as the hippocampus.

Neurofibrillary Tangles 
Insoluble twisted fibers found inside the brain's cells and are formed from a clump of tau proteins; functions similarly as amyloid beta in regards to cellular damage.  

Acetylcholine Deficit
View suggests Alzheimer's is the result of insufficient synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Oxidative Stress   
Process in which high reactive molecules known as free radicals damage cellular structures; propagates Alzheimer's by facilitating damage caused by amyloid beta and enhances its formation.

Inflammation
Results in damaged neurons and is facilitated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a).  TNF-a is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, cell signalling molecules that stimulate the movement of cells towards sites (notably inflammation), that is found in high levels in serum and cerebral spinal fluid.     

 
 

]]> 2018-06-10 23:21:39 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/266510067 Popular Theories: Part II mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/266728556 Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Dysfunctional mitochondria are crucial mediators of amyloid beta toxicity and can increase the burden of oxidative stress; drives the formation of amyloid beta, ultimately leading to the destruction of neurons.  

Excitotoxicity
The result of too much glutamatergic neurotransmission can destroy neurons and is a phenomenon known as excitotoxicity; contributes to neural degeneration in Alzheimer's and is the result of the over activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. 

Loss of Sex Hormones
Declining estrogen and testosterone levels are correlated with increased amyloid beta and tau abnormalities; furthermore, a decline in sex hormones weakens the protection of an individual against the disease.

Infections
Research indicates common pathogens, such as Spirochetes, are constantly detected in the brain of Alzheimer's patients. As a result of lingering in the brain, bacteria can drive inflammation and form amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles. In fact, the research indicates amyloid beta's formation to be an adaptive response to infectious organisms.
 


 
 


]]> 2018-06-12 02:22:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/266728556 Controversy: Is Alzheimer's Disease a Transmissible Infection? mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267005103
Findings of a study of eight adults, aged between 36 and 51, found seven of them harbored misfolded proteins, including amyloid-beta, after receiving contaminated hormone injections.  Most importantly to note, the impact of the study raises questions towards the controversial claim of the transmission of Alzheimer's disease, as infected surgical equipment and human tissue are able to carry amyloid-beta, despite the sterilization methods of steaming and formaldehyde   ]]> 2018-06-13 12:41:35 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267005103 Current Treatments mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267410377 Treatments for Alzheimer's is based off the following stages:

Mild Stage
-Rivastigmine
-Galantamine
-Donepezil

Moderate Stage
-Memantine

Severe Stage
-Donepezil


]]> 2018-06-15 20:08:02 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267410377 Treatments on the Horizon mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267411405 Targeting Plaques
-Recruit the immune system through solanezumab and Aducanumab (current drugs under research. 
 
-Prevent destruction of nerve cells in the brain by administering the drug saracatinib, which has been found to turn off the protein Flynn, allowing synapses to function and reverse memory loss.

-Block the production of beta-amyloid through beta- and gamma-secretase inhibitors.    

Prevent Tau from Tangling
-Aggregation inhibitors and tau vaccines are under study. 

Reducing Inflammation 
-Administer the diabetes drug pioglitazone since it may lessen beta-amyloid and inflammation in the brain.

Insulin Resistance
-Researchers are currently testing insulin to determine if the hormone slows the progression of Alzheimer's.

Heart-Head Connection
-Researchers are currently investigating drugs used to treat vascular disease, such as blood pressure medications, in order find current developed and approved drugs that may reduce the risk of developing the disease.

Hormones 
-Estrogen-based hormone therapy for at least a year during menopause appeared to protect the processing and memory capabilities of women with higher risks of developing the disease.   
]]> 2018-06-15 20:22:21 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267411405 Music and Alzheimer's Disease mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267413304 2018-06-15 20:54:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267413304 mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267413557 2018-06-15 21:00:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267413557 mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267413625 2018-06-15 21:01:57 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267413625 Further Information About Abnormal Psychology... mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267417233 2018-06-15 22:25:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267417233 Works Cited mkeyes3 https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267417560 by Michael Keyes ]]> 2018-06-15 22:36:33 UTC https://padlet.com/mkeyes3/fchc4c8qo6w3/wish/267417560