https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq This timeline focuses on Latinx history in the US from 1931-1980 Please place your items on the timeline and drag them to the proper place so that they are in chronological order from left to right. en-us 2021-02-02 03:27:39 UTC 2026-03-15 17:44:35 UTC hello@padlet.com lsugermanbroz https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160180728 This act was signed by President Roosevelt in June of 1941, and prohibited racial discrimination by all federal agencies in work related to war. It also established a Fair Employment Practices Comission to carry out the executive order. Work related to war was one of the most common instances of discrimination that minorities faced in the workplace every day during this time.]]> 2021-02-03 17:59:59 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160180728 atran411 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160188651 On August 2, 1942, Jose Diaz, a 22 year old Mexican American farmworker, was murdered on his way home from a friend's party. Diaz was seen leaving with two boys, Luis "Cito" Vargas and Andrew Torres. Around ten minutes later, a group of kids came to the party looking for revenge from an earlier beating of one of their friends. In the morning, Diaz was found barely breathing and bleeding heavily, and died at the hospital. 

The case was used by police as a way to perpetuate the stereotype that the Mexican Americans are gang members, and implied that Diaz was one as well. The authorities found 22 Mexican Americans in the area, and prosecuted them, despite a strong lack of evidence. The case was built on racial prejudice. 

One of the most shocking quotes I found was from a captain at the Los Angelos Police Dept., saying that Mexicans had a “biological tendency” to be violent because they descended from the Indians, who participated in human sacrifice. Fortunately, 2 years later the defendants of the Sleepy Lagoon case were released from prison, after court appeals on the basis of unfair trial.  

The case is significant towards the Latinx community because it worsened ethnic tensions at the time, and led to the Zoot Suit Riots (see 1943 -- Zoot Suit Riots). It perpetuates the stereotype that all Mexican Americans are gang members, and this is a stereotype that follows this community to this day. This case matters now because it emotionally wounds the Latinx community who lived through the case to this day, and although the defendants were released, the injustices and racial trauma cannot be resolved.

(The term "Sleepy Lagoon" refers to the place where Jose and his friends would hang out, by a local reservoir, he was murdered not far from that area).  ]]> 2021-02-03 18:01:13 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160188651 erice35 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160192568 In 1930, The US Census classified “Mexican American” as a race, which caused protests from leaders and members of the Mexican American community. In 1940, the US Census changed “Mexican American” back to “white”. During this time period many Mexican Americans considered themselves to be white. They felt that they were being discriminated against because they were being singled out from the white race even though they considered themselves white through their ancestry.]]> 2021-02-03 18:01:51 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160192568 hpoynter https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160192690 This court case, which took place in Texas, had to do with the education of children of Mexican decsent and the action of their school districts. On February 1st a meeting was held to expand the school facilities, like elementary schools. One of the several was made the "Mexican" school, a "brick and tile building of two rooms". Instant complaints were made, primarily by Jesús Salvatierra, saying how the benefited that white children had were not carried over to their children. Their point of view got a lot of support, especially from LULAC, an organization that provided a financial base for the movement against segregated schools. Told later, the Salvatierra ruling legalized the segregation of children of Mexican descent in school through the third grade.]]> 2021-02-03 18:01:53 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160192690 ayang122 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160196936 Operation Bootstrap refers to a number of corporate tax exemptions intended to facilitate and entice US companies to outsource labor to Puerto Rico and industrialize the local economy. Though successful in industrializing Puerto Rico's economy, agricultural jobs were lost at a higher rate than manufacturing jobs were created, and thousands of native Puerto Ricans ended up losing their job. This surge of unemployment became a large push factor for migration, and many Puerto Ricans decided to migrate to the continental US in search of a better life. This was a large factor for immigration from Puerto Rico, and it has likely affected the families of many Puerto Ricans living in the U.S. today. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:02:35 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160196936 tzhou4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160206951 This court case was decided in California's federal courts and it preceded the more famous Brown v. Board of Education by about 8 years. 
Sylvia Mendez was turned away from a "whites only" public school. Her father took four LA area school districts and won the class action lawsuit at the trial and appellate levels of the federal court system.  
Two months after the ruling, the state's governor- Earl Warren- signed a bill ending school segregation, making California the first state to official desegregate schools. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:04:09 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160206951 lsugermanbroz https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160213553 In March of 1968, there were massive walkouts from schools in LA by primarily Latinx students, encouraged by Sal Castro, a teacher. The purpose of these walkouts were to protest the unequal opportunities in school systems and the lack of respect for student's cultures, and the decades of discrimination in education, such as the so-called "Mexican Schools". The protests went on for a month, and many people were arrested. This sparked the beginning of the Chicano Movement, a large-scale social justice movement in the late 1960's and early 1970's.]]> 2021-02-03 18:05:17 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160213553 bzaborski https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160227424 In August of 1970, Ruben Salazar, a popular reporter for the Los Angeles Times and figurehead for the Los Angeles Latin American Community, was shot by a sherrif deputy with a tear gas canister used for barricade situations, rather than for shooting at someone. This shot killed him. This matters to the Latin American Community then and to us today because it was an unjustifed killing of a civillian by someone in Law Enforcement. Not only that, when interviewed, the man who shot the canister "was not concerned about" the type of tear gas canister used. This apathy on the part of the law enforcement, along with the fact that he was never even brought to trial for homicide, shows what is wrong with Law Enforcement throughout history.]]> 2021-02-03 18:07:20 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160227424 syoung123 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160236853 This was the first case to extend to the U.S. supreme court for the Brown V. Board of education. This was the Mexican- American struggle to access the public school system. It recognized that this discrimination was declared unconstitutional. Produced a new school system for Mexican-American and black children in Corpus Christi. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:08:55 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160236853 lzulps https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160240558 This organization was founded by Hector P. Garcia to focus and bring out issues of equal rights among Hispanic Americans. The American GI Forum aimed at problems such as hospital care and Hispanic representation on draft boards. This forum was important because it advocated for the rights of Hispanics and brought out issues of injustice in Veteran services. 

]]> 2021-02-03 18:09:34 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160240558 gmartinez220 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160259900 Having been the director of the National Farm Workers Association, Chavez led a march unto the capital of California, Sacramento, that lasted 25 days and covered a distance of about 340 miles since they were marching from Delano, CA. He did this to bring national attention to the government's mistreatment of farm workers. This was important as Chavez championed the notion of civil rights for farm workers, many of whom could have been immigrants, and thus set a precedent condemning this sort of treatment moving forward. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:12:55 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160259900 lzulps https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160263150 The city of Miami was officially bilingual, with Spanish as its second language. This was important because it showed the large number and influence of Spanish speakers and the growing community of Cubans. Spanish is a huge part of daily life in Miami and also makes up for half of their economy. 

]]> 2021-02-03 18:13:28 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160263150 hpoynter https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160264774 Actress Vanesa Marquez was shot and killed by police in South Pasadena because they thought she was holding a handgun, when in fact it was a BB gun. The newspapers reported how they were responding to a welfare check. A month after her death, Dr. David Sanchez, founder of the Brown Berets, stood protesting infront of Vanesa's home, against the polices officers that killed her. The Brown Berets is an organization fighting for the civil rights of the Latinx community. The community was started by David because of his own run ins with the police, sparking the idea. It became an influential and essential part of the Latinx social justice movement, and gave way to events like the Chicano Movement of 1968. The group started off small and secluded, meeting up at Boy's and Girl's Club and coffee shops, and later began to take up causes such as police brutality, better education, and discrimination against themselfves.]]> 2021-02-03 18:13:45 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160264774 pchen141 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160271706 "I Love Lucy" was an American sitcom that debuted in 1951 and lasted for six seasons. Lucille Ball played the role of housewife Lucy Ricardo, and her real-life Cuban husband, Desi Arnaz, played the role of Lucy’s husband, Ricky Ricardo, who had a noticeable accent. Arnaz was at first deemed unsuitable for the role because CBS thought it was unlikely that American viewers would buy that an average housewife would be married to a "foreign man." However, the show went on to be a huge success, becoming the most popular show in America for four seasons and winning five Emmy Awards. "I Love Lucy" made it clear that a Latinx actor could become successful on TV.]]> 2021-02-03 18:14:59 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160271706 jfrankel5 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160274612 West side story was a musical made in 1958 by Arthur Laurents and Leonard Bernstein, two white males, highlighting the conflicts between gangs of white and Puerto Rican youth in New York. The play highlights the combination of youthful rage mixed with societal racism causing separation and violence between the two gangs. The driving theme is unity and love, as two members of the opposing gangs, and by extension races, fall in love. When the movie adaptation is released in 1961, the lead actress, Rita Moreno, wins an Oscar. It was very rare for any race of people other than white to win an Oscar at the time.]]> 2021-02-03 18:15:30 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160274612 syoung123 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160279491 It was a law in order to regulate Spanish was taught in schools as there was a language barrier in Puerto Rico. However this was rejected by the president by enforcing Puerto Rico's students to learn English in schools as they had to in order to be "American." As it mandatory to have public education documents in English and when meetings occurred in English however not many people could even speak english. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:16:19 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160279491 kibrahim51 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160287197 Rafael Trujillo, who had been leader of the Dominican Republic for the last 30 years or so, was becoming increasing dictatorial. His rule strained tensions between the U.S. and the DR as he often went after dissenters of his regime, who were exiled to America. The U.S. attempted on multiple occasions to meet with Trujillo and convince him to step down from power. They wanted to replace him with someone who would turn the DR towards Democracy. In the end, the only answer that top government officials had was assassination. They wanted Trujillo gone and he wasn't going of his own choice.]]> 2021-02-03 18:17:35 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160287197 jdietch https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160296618 In 1954, this landmark case ruled that the 14th Amendment not only prohibited discrimination against African Americans, but against all ethnicities. A man named Peter Hernandez was convicted of murder in the State of Texas. His legal team looked through all of the legal records in Jackson County, a county with a substantial Hispanic population, and found that in 25 years, there were only 6,000 jurors with Hispanic last names. Hernandez's legal team appealed to the county court, which upheld its ruling, and went up to the supreme court. While the county did acknowledge that there was blatant discrimination against Hispanics, they argued that the 14th Amendment only protected African Americans from discrimination. Chief Justice Earl Warren ruled that the 14th Amendment protected all ethnicities.]]> 2021-02-03 18:19:08 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160296618 bwright283 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160300572 During WW2, a ration on cloth was instituted issuing that clothing could only be of a certain length. However, long coats called Zoot Suits were very popular in non white communities, and were worn quite widely. On June 3, a group of sailors attacked a group of Mexican teenagers. This spiraled into a city wide riot as white people attacked and beat black and Mexican teenagers with the intent of destroying the zoot suits. The police were actively complicit and arrested Mexican teenagers. The riots lasted for 5 days. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:19:50 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160300572 jli66 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160303814 Congress passes the Civil Rights Act: Establishes affirmative action programs and outlaws discrimination on the basis of gender, race, ethnic background, etc. Enforced school desegregation; created the longest filibuster in history. Significant in that it was the first real piece of civil rights legislation.]]> 2021-02-03 18:20:24 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160303814 bzaborski https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160305812 Felix Longoria Jr. was a Private in WWII, when he was killed in the Phillippines in 1945. His body was brought home and his family tried to bury him in a graveyard near his family, but the only funeral home in town refused to bury him simply because he was a Mexican American. After multiple lawsuits and a long fight, senator Lyndon B. Johnson argued to have him buried in Arlington National Cemetary. This issue is important then and today because it is a clear example of discrimination against a person based on their race (in this case Latinx)]]> 2021-02-03 18:20:45 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160305812 lucybatresrodriguez https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160309454 Until the late 1940s the public education system in Texas for Mexican Americans offered segregated campuses with limited resources and curriculum. In 1948 the League of United Latin American Citizens and the American G.I forum of Texas successfully challenged these inequities of the Texas public school system in Delgado vs. Bastrop ISD. 
By September 1949 separation of schools ceased, however it was still allowed to have students separated by classes. It was not until 1957 ten years later that they could be in classes together. 
This not only hindered the learning of many students, but it is still an issue in present day. Predominantly hispanic schools are not given the proper resources to better education. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:21:24 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160309454 ldelaski https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160314352 In 1953, the American G.I. Forum published a report on concerns regarding undocumented workers entering the United States, specifically those who came from Mexico. In the report, the use the term to refer to Mexican immigrants who illegally crossed the Rio Grande. This term is another example of how titles were given to a broad group of people in order for people who were anti-immigration to more easily categorize and target groups and individuals.]]> 2021-02-03 18:22:15 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160314352 agoncalvesda https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160324841 US Immigration Service arrests and deports more than 3.8 million Latin Americans.  They adopted the practice of stopping “Mexican-looking” people and asking them for identification on the street.  

]]> 2021-02-03 18:24:05 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160324841 osullivan5 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160335997 The Bracero program brought millions of Mexican guest workers to the United States. During World War II, many American farmers thought the war would bring labor shortages. As a result, an Executive Order was signed allowing Mexican agricultural labor on United States farms. The program lasted much longer than anticipated, all the way until 1964. Many safeguards were put in place to protect Mexican workers, including free sanitary housing, a wage equal to American workers, and other protections, but many U.S, farmers did not adhere to these rules. Mexicans worked in harsh conditions and were often abused by employers. The farmers also faced racial discrimination. The program was terminated after civil rights activists pressured the government to discontinue the unfair treatment of workers. After its termination, the program led to better wages in the U.S. U.S migrationpolicy.org claims, however, that the program spawned networks between the United States and Mexico, which became the foundation for today’s illegal migration from Mexico. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:26:00 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160335997 agoncalvesda https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160344295 President Gerald Ford extends the 1965 Voting Rights Act, amending Section 203 that mandated bilingual ballots in certain areas of the country.]]> 2021-02-03 18:27:25 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160344295 erice35 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160355889 Throughout 1967, Chicano people faced many struggles of oppression. During this year, the Crusade of Justice was founded by Rodolfo Gonzales, who was a prominent leader in the Chicano Civil Rights Movements during the 60s. This group advocated and fought for the rights of Chicano people. Gonzales created a political party called Congreso de Aztlan that focused primarily on Mexican Americans. He also wrote a poem titled “Yo Soy Joaquín" the same year, detailing the struggles faced by Mexican Americans. These efforts made by Rodolfo Gonzales were important because they gave many Chicanos hope and courage to continue fighting for their rights.]]> 2021-02-03 18:29:30 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1160355889 kkiessling https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168489363 National Farm Workers Association is the first and largest workers union in United States History. Starting in 1962 by Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Gilbert Padilla, and others, the Nation farmers Workers Association(NFWA) was created to help inspire one another with the motto “¡Sí se puede!” (yes it can be done).The movement established workers’ right to organize and secured better pay and working conditions on many farms. In 1966, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. reached out to Chavez via telegram supporting him and linking the two of them as “brothers in the fight for equality.”.

]]> 2021-02-05 14:47:23 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168489363 bhamwey https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168514985 On the night of August 30th, just after midnight, 16 year old Puerto Rican Salvatore Agron stabbed two boys, Anthony (Skinny) Krzesinski and Robert Young, in a New York City playground just after midnight. As part of a gang by the name of the Vampires, Argon wore a dark blue, red-lined, Dracula style cape with fancy buckled shoes, his two victims were incorrectly assumed by Argon to be members of the Norsemen, a rival gang. The attacks came at a time in which New Yorkers were scared of children, especially the children of the hundreds of thousands of Puerto Ricans who were arriving in the city. This fear was a result of the stereotype created by Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story, depicting Puerto Ricans as dangerous gang members. The number of murders happening in the city by people under 20, and this infamous murder, did not help the people's views of Puerto Rican teenagers.]]> 2021-02-05 14:52:16 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168514985 aweiss62 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168515012 Legislation signed by Governor Coke Stevenson on 05/06/1943 prohibited discrimination against people of Mexican origin/descent in Texas. More specifically, Mexican people were classified as caucasian, but did not receive the same rights as white people (in other words, they were still prone to being treated poorly and under white citizens). This resolution was an attempt to correct that, so that Mexicans would be treated equally due to their classification as caucasian.

Although this was not a change enacted by the Latinx community themselves, it was a change that ultimately benefitted them for the better and began a series of changes that allowed them to receive more equal rights as the people by which they were surrounded.]]> 2021-02-05 14:52:17 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168515012 bnguyen621 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168517245 In the summer of 1966, many farmers marched 500 miles from the Rio Grande Valley to the state capitol in Austin to demand better wages and basic human rights. At that time, many farmers worked for as little as 25 cents an hour and had no access to toilets or clean water. All they wanted was a minimum wage of $1.25 an hour and some basic rights that all humans should have. More than 10,000 people joined their march in solidarity to the state capitol. They did not get their $1.25 minimum wage until a couple years later. ]]> 2021-02-05 14:52:43 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168517245 sphan12 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168518678 Congress passes a bill stating that Cuban immigrants can be legal permanent residents of the U.S if they live in the U.S for at least one year.]]> 2021-02-05 14:52:58 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168518678 tzhou4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168519373  The freedom school Escuela de la Raza Unida- located in Blythe, CA- was founded over the Mexican community's frustration with the public school system. It was an "on-the-fly" school, which started with everyone pitching in and meeting as a local park, before later renting a space that could fit about 50 students for classes. It started as a K-12 private school, but later shifted their mission due to funding issues. ]]> 2021-02-05 14:53:06 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168519373 cfaller1 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168538468 Henry B. González was a Mexican-American congressman from Texas who fought civil rights. Early in his political career, when he served in the Texas state senate, he and fellow senator Abraham Kazen led a 36 hour filibuster, the longest in the history of the Texas state senate. Kazen spoke for 12 hours before González spoke for 22 hours. At 1:45 am in the 2nd night of the filibuster, opponents agreed to withdraw their bills if González stoped. ]]> 2021-02-05 14:56:42 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168538468 aweiss62 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168540157 Back in 1965, Filipino American grape workers (members of the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee) walked out on strike against Delano-area table and wine grape growers protesting years of poor pay and conditions. To aid their efforts, they were able to recruit Cesar Chavez, who led a Latino farm workers union. They began their coalition on Mexican Independence Day 1965.

Fast forward to 1968: not much had occurred and the strike was still ongoing. Most people wanted to turn to violence, but Chavez kept his stance on nonviolence. Because of this impatience, Chavez took a more drastic turn and decided to commence a fast, receiving attention from Dr. King to Sen. Robert F. Kennedy (in the image). His act pushed more grape strikes across the country. He eventually ceased the fast, but the strike continued until 1970, when table grape growers at long last signed their first union contracts, granting workers better pay, benefits, and protections.

Overall, this event is relevant to the history of the Latinx community, as Chavez was able to demonstrate the ability to bring change with nonviolence, as others (including those of other races/ethnicities) before him did. It signifies an important strength and solidarity within this community.]]> 2021-02-05 14:57:00 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168540157 emaichen https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168549240 On September 8, 1965, Filipino American grape workers went on a strike protesting the poor working conditions in the wine grape industry. They asked for support from the National Farm Workers Association, which was led by Cesar Chavez, a Mexican American. The strike went on for 5 years— there were hunger strikes, violence, boycotts of table grapes. Finally in 1970, there was an agreement to increase the wages of the workers, a health plan, and protection for the workers against the pesticides used.  It continues to be of great significance for people of Latinx because it shows their power and strength when times are unfair— they helped not only themselves but improve the working conditions for all. ]]> 2021-02-05 14:58:42 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168549240 ayang122 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168562036 2021-02-05 15:01:09 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168562036 lucybatresrodriguez https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168567414 In 1973, Mr and Mrs. Espinoza brought suit against Farah Manufacturing because they refused to hire her due to her Mexican citizenship. She relied on  § 703 of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, bans private employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. However, this does not support the premise that discrimination on the basis of citizenship is the same as discrimination on the basis of national origin, since 96% of whose San Antonio division employees are Mexican-Americans. So although the Act protects against illegal discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, it does not proscribe discrimination on the basis of alienage. 
Relying primarily on an EEOC guideline providing that a lawful alien resident may not be discriminated against on the basis of citizenship. The Court of Appeals reversed. The District Court eventually concluded that an employer's refusal to hire a person because he is not a United States citizen does not constitute employment discrimination on the basis of "national origin" in violation of § 703. 
This contributes to many difficulties that immigrants struggle with when coming to the U.S to better themselves economically because citizenship is a big part of employment. ]]> 2021-02-05 15:02:10 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168567414 ldelaski https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168571183 In the 1970s, tens of thousands of Cuban immigrants were arriving in Miami. As a result of the large Spanish speaking population, Spanish was the second official language. However, in 1978 a movement began against it, promoting the idea that English should be the only official language. In fact, it was so widespread that over 44 thousand residents voted for it, and it was passed in 1980. These events were more about making a point to the Spanish speaking population rather than causing actual change. At the time, many residents of Miami were likely afraid of the impact that the immigrants would have. We can still see the same thing happening today with immigrants from Mexico. For example, in many places, construction of the border wall does not effectively prevent illegal immigration, but rather serves as a reminder of the discriminatory beliefs that are held by some Americans. ]]> 2021-02-05 15:02:53 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168571183 atran411 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168571638 The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) began as a law firm established in 1968 by Mexican American lawyers that were frustrated with the discrimination that the Latinx community faces in the justice system. The MALDEF used a $2.5 million dollar grant to provide legal protection to Mexican Americans, scholarships for Mexican American law school students, and encouragement for Mexican Americans to start their own law firms in the San Antonio area. Today, the MALDEF engages in advocacy regarding border issues, offers scholarships, and lobbies for legislation. 

The MALDEF is significant to the Mexican American community because of its massive help it offers in legal protection and defends the Mexican American community from discrimination. The MALDEF is one of the only programs to cater towards the Mexican American community regarding legislation, and is much needed given the amount of prejudice and unfair trials that the Mexican Americans previously received in the U.S, especially considering the topic of border issues and DACA. The MALDEF matters now in this time of white supremacy and nationalism, and the attitudes of anti-Latinx sentiments from Trump supporters. ]]> 2021-02-05 15:02:58 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168571638 pchen141 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168583912 The Equal Educational Opportunities Act took effect on August 21, 1974. It was essentially an extension of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and stated that schools could not discriminate against students based on gender, race, color, or nationality, as well as mandated public schools to provide accommodations for students who do not speak English, such as classes taught in the students’ native languages and ESL courses. Furthermore, the Supreme Court later ruled in 1982 that the EEOA also gave undocumented students the right and obligations to attend public schools. The EEOA helped protect Latinx students, whom schools often failed because they did not speak English. It also made their learning easier, as now they have dedicated ESL classes and could learn other subjects like math and history in their native languages in the meantime.]]> 2021-02-05 15:05:17 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168583912 bwright283 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168589899 For a large part of American history, Mexican Americans attempted to be classified as white by the government. This repeatedly failed, and in 1968 a new movement began called the Chicano Movement. This movement was based around reclamation and pride of Mexican heritage.]]> 2021-02-05 15:06:23 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168589899 ahoey7 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168591503 The CIA launched an attack on Fidel Castro in April of 1961, to remove him from power. However, this attak failed because the invasion of 1,400 American-trained Cubans were outnumbered by Castro’s troops. Fidel Castro was a communist who believed that Cuba should assume control of their nation. The United States was nervous to be less than 100 miles away from a Communist country, and therefore interfered with their leadership. JFK adopted Eisenhower’s plan to have a guerilla army of Cuban exiles, the U.S. was worried that the USSR would see the Bay of Pigs attack as the start of a war and retaliate. A radio station on the beach, exposed the U.S plan to attack Fidel Castro’s air force. 114 people were killed and 1,100 were held as prisoners. ]]> 2021-02-05 15:06:40 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168591503 osullivan5 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168634112 In 1968, Chicano students in Texas faced discrimination in their schools and inadequate resources. Students were prohibited from speaking Spanish on school grounds, schools were underfunded, and students of Mexican descent did not receive much support to succeed. After trying to negotiate with school officials to no avail, Chicano students took matters into their own hands Empowered by leaders in the Chicano movement, on May 16, 1968, students at Edgewood High School and Lanier High School staged a walkout to stand up to the inequality they faced. Their walkouts inspired other Chicano students to walk out across the state and nation. These walkouts and the inequalities that caused them caused parents to fight for schoo finance equity, which made it all the way to the Supreme Court. ]]> 2021-02-05 15:14:40 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168634112 jdietch https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168672828 In April 1980, Fidel Castro announced that anyone wishing to emigrate to the United States may do so from the port of Mariel. After the first day, nearly 125,000 Cuban Immigrants had reached landfall. This resulted in housing and job shortages in Florida. Due to how many people were trying to leave the island, many boats were overcrowded, so much so that many were barely suitable for sailing. Thousands were arrested or detained when they reached landfall, and 24 died on the trip over. The boatlift ended in October of 1980 with a mutual agreement to stop between the United States and Cuba.]]> 2021-02-05 15:21:42 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/fbysxtt43u83otyq/wish/1168672828