• Australian English 
• Canadian English 

• Australian English
• Canadian English 

• Australian English 
• Canadian English  

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• First spoken in 17th century (Atlantic coast: Newfoundland, in seasonal fishing communities, and Hudson Bay, during the fur trade).

• Permanent English-speaking settlements such as Halifax (1749) were established after Nova Scotia transferred to Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht (1713).

• Nova Scotia’s English population was expanded with pioneers from New England after the expulsion of the French-speaking Acadian population in the 1750s.

• British's victory in the Seven Years’ War made the Extensive English-speaking settlement of the rest of eastern Canada possible.

• During the Treaty of Paris 1763, France ceded its remaining Canadian territory to Britain. 

• The Treaty of Paris of 1763 that ended Seven Years' War (Most of eastern Canada were opened for English-speaking settlement)

• The American Revolution of 1775-83 (The first large group of English-speakers were spurred to move to Canada)

• The Industrial Revolution in Britain (Larger group of English-speakers were encouraged to join the first group in 19th century)

• The quarterly growth was 128, 670 people which increased by 0.5%. 

• Australia is the largest nation on earth and the world's small continent lying in the Southern Hemisphere between the Pacific and Indian oceans. Canberra, the capital of Australia, is located between the larger and more significant economic and cultural hubs of Sydney and Melbourne in the southeast. 

• Based on Worldometer, the data collected that currently, 85.7 % of the population of Australia is urban (21,607,414 people in 2019)
  
  
  
• The history of the Australian region begins when indigenous Australians lived in the nation for at least 50,000 years. They consequently possess the world's oldest living cultural history. As many as 250 different languages were spoken across the country when the British came in 1788. This map, which illustrates the languages spoken in Australia, was created by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. The project Barani describes the Aboriginal history of the Sydney region. Barani is an Aboriginal word from the Sydney language that means "yesterday." 

• There were between 300,000 and one million First Nation people living in Australia, prior to the colonization by the British. 

• Canada's capital is located in Ottawa. 

• Based on Worldometer, elaborated by the latest United Nations (UN) data, as 2023 approached, it is estimated that there are over 38 million people populated in Canada.

• Reflecting the country's history where it was contested by the two great powers of Europe, Canada is bilingual in English and French (Morton et al., 1963, as cited in Britannica 2023). 

• Languages in Australia English is the national language of Australia but Australians speak around 300 different languages. According to the 2016 census, 72%of residents only use English at home. Other than English, the most frequently used home languages were Mandarin, Arabic, Cantonese, Vietnamese, and Italian. 

• History and Accent changes in Australian English. Australian English is a relatively new dialect of English and is already over 200 years old. Australian English can be characterized as a new dialect that emerged from interactions between speakers of different, mutually intelligible varieties of English. 

• The very early form of Australian English would have been first spoken by the children of the colonist born into the early era colony in Sydney. The very first peer group would have used comparable speech patterns to communicate with one another in order to help bind the peer group and express their membership. The first generation of kids developed a new dialect that would eventually become the language of the nation. 

• The youngsters in the new colony would have been exposed to an extensive range of dialects from every part of England but mainly from the southeast, especially from London. In an attempt to express their need for peer solidarity, they would have created a new dialect from elements present in the speech they heard around them. 

• This unique dialect of the children would have been powerful enough to block the influence of fresh youngsters even when new settlers emerged.
  
  

• Like dialects from all languages, Canadian English continues to evolve even with the smallest changes that can be seen in each generation of speakers.

• New words and phrases that develop over the time have faded the older expressions though the main future of Canadian English are relatively stable.

• Surveys of Canadian English carried out in the 1950s (by H.B. Allen, W.S. Avis and R.J. Gregg)

• The Survey of Canadian English: A Report, by M.H. Scargill and H.J. Warkentyne (1972)

• Dialect Topography survey of J.K. Chambers (from the mid-1990s) 

• North American Regional Vocabulary Survey and Phonetics of Canadian English projects of C. Boberg (from the late 1990s and early 2000s)

• Mitchell (1946) and Mitchell & Delbridge (1965) popularised a set of symbols for the phonemic transcriptions of Australian English vowels, which have been used by Australian phoneticians for the past 50 years. The Mitchell/Dellbridge method was based, mostly on the 44 phonemes of British. "Received pronunciation," which was a plausible choice for a phonemic system (as opposed to a phonetic one) given that Australian English and RP shared the same set of phonemes. 
• The phonemic transcription of Australian English has, however, undergone modification as a result of more recent studies by Clarke (1988), Bernard and Mannel (1986), and Harrington, Cox, and Evans (1977). Although a phonemic transcription system is not required to utilize symbols that accurately represent vowels, obviously it makes good sense to do so. Understanding that the Mitchell/Delbridge (henceforth MD) symbols first used in the 1940s had come to demonstrate a relatively poor association with cardinal IPA vowels as how Australian English was being spoken by 2000. 

• When it comes to the pronunciation of words, Australian English vs American English genuinely takes on a life of its own, which is why most Australian accents are so recognizable. The distinct "i" sound in words like 'night' and 'like' is one of the most obvious characteristics. it sounds more like a softened 'oi' instead. 

• The soft "a," which appears in words like "hat" and "cat," is typically pronounced similarly to the sound of "eh." As a result, the words "cat" and "hat" have different pronunciations: cat sounds like "ceht" and hat sounds like "heht."

• The hard 'a' sound, which appears in words like 'day', 'way', or 'mate', exhibits a similar behavior. In this context, the 'a' is pronounced in a manner comparable to how a British English person may pronounce the word 'aye'. As a result, "mate" becomes "m-aye-te."

Analyse

Aluminium

Colour

Centre

Defence 

Traveller

Catalogue

Aluminum

• Aboriginal English is a contact variant that includes local dialects spoken across Australia. It resembles the shape of a continuum, starting with a variety that is similar to Standard Australian English (known as the acrolectal variety) and ending with a creole-like form (known as the basilectal variety).

• The vocabulary of Australian English has been contributed by Aboriginal people as well as the name of location and also place. 

Cliché

Vaccine

Brochure

Salon

Tuesday

Foyer

Versatile

Asthma

Chuck a U-ie

Put a Sock in it

Dog's Breakfast

Hang a Roger & Hang a Larry

Nize it

Bucks

• Aggro: short for aggressive. Someone might get aggro if you take the last biscuit on the table. 
• Ambo: Abbreviation for an ambulance. It can refer to the ambulance driver or the service itself. 
• Arvo: Shorten for the Afternoon. 
• Barbie: this is short for barbecue. Barbie can be used in different contexts – it can mean the barbecue as an object, or you could be invited to someone’s house for a barbie (a meal consisting of barbecued food).
• Brekky: Aussie call breakfast as brekky. 
• Cuppa: Cup of Tea 
• G'day: slang for greeting the good day, which means Hello. 
• Mozzie: Mosquito
• Sanga: Short for a sandwich
•  Thongs: this is what Australians call their flip flops
• Ta: Australians will often say ‘ta’ in place of thank you.

• The study of phonological variation is a crucial component of sociolinguistics, as it can provide insight on how various linguistic communities used and comprehend the language. 

• The concept of free variation or phonemic variation defined as the avoidance or any fixed rule about incorrect pronunciation of a word in phonetics and phonology. 

• Having a different pronunciation of the term is not inherently harmful, same goes to having a different meaning or expression is not inherently wrong either. Subtle and significant speech differences can affect meaning and perception. 

• Lexical relate and focus more on the words or vocabulary and also the spelling of a language. 

• According to Nordquist (2019), the term linguistic variation refers to regional, social, or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used. 

• Occupational dialects:  (the word bugs means something quite different to a computer programmer and an exterminator), sexual dialects (women are far more likely than men to call a new house adorable), and educational dialects (the more education people have, the less likely they are to use double negatives). 
• Teenagers have their own slang and dialects, and the phonology for older speakers differs from young speakers in the same geographical region. 

LOUD vs LOUT

EYES vs ICE

TRIBE vs TRIPE

RIDE vs WRITE

Sorry

God

Bagel

Shoes

Canada

• Danielle was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
• Her father is Australian and her mother is Korean.