• Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan: Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection.

• John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government: People are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

• Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws: The best form of government includes a separation of powers.

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract: Government is a contract between rulers and the people.

• Voltaire: Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state.

• Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France.

• Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas.

• The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas.

• Influence of Enlightenment ideas

• Influence of the American Revolution

 

• Storming of the Bastille

• Reign of Terror

 

• End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI

• Rise of Napoleon

• Johann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composer

• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:Classical composer

• Voltaire: Philosopher

• Miguel de Cervantes: Novelist

• Eugène Delacroix: Painter (transition to the Romantic School of the nineteenth century)

• Painting depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits).

• New forms of literature evolved,such as the novel (e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote).

 

• All-weather roads improved year- round transport and trade.

• New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution).

• Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.

• Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.

• Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.

• French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

 

• Mexico

• Haiti

• Colombia

• Venezuela

• Brazil