-Struggling writers compare themselves to those who are believed to be “genius writers.”

-Writing skills take practice and writers must be persistent.

-Authors are not born writers nor do they find their inspiration from their unique selves, and they believe that it is unrealistic to think otherwise. 

-Edward and Paz point to ancient practices of imitation writing where the common belief about writing was that the writer should invent new meaning in something pre-existing.

-discusses that unrealistic expectations of good writers discourage writers from creating original work since they rather focus on meeting expectations. 

-these geniuses become geniuses only through a lot of hard work and experience. 

-Ellen Carillo refutes the idea that reading and writing are two separate skills, “are not connected”: 

-As Carillo says “Although writing is more often thought of as a creative act, reading is just as creative.

-This reading strategy will expose the students to unlimited writing structures. Students could use them in their writing. 

-The education system is not able to teach every possible writing strategy, thus students must learn them on their own.

-At Flinders University in South Australia they  have set out to design a first-year literacy framework to provide students with the literary skills they need to succeed. 

-The framework’s main goal is to use many of the literacy requirements that were mastered, and should help equalize the difference in the skill set the coming students have.

-Asking questions/background fleshes out the literacy the author desires as well as better understand it in a way to incorporate it into your writing 

-A method to read like a writer is to mark the text, make comments, and notes/summary to yourself

-Reading like a writer requires to ask questions, consider different word choices, and incorporate the good parts of the author’s writing into your own

-We give words meaning by giving our perspective/comprehension

-Literacy is a vital aspect in living in society due to the access of digital information/messages/political that is presented around you and the demand for communication skills. Potentially could lead to blind acceptance

-The methods to bring awareness to college reading is to read like a writer as well as rhetoric reading.

-The idea of a literary genius is a myth fabricated by past publishers polishing the writers’ work, influential writers favoring original over imitations, and educational systems upholding their legacy.

-Collaboration and imitation is essential for anyone to produce great works of that to a genius and be successful

-Schools reinforced this idea with their focus on the product not the process, didn’t try to revise works, and students whom are familiar/good backgrounds upheld this.

-Skills are a set of habits/practices that can be taught and the one that writers need is metacognition where their persistence is needed to help reflect/improve

-There are 4 motivations to write and 1 disadvantage: delay is helpful to develop ideas within your head subconsciously

-Objectives help focus on the writing task and even has a deadline to rush it.

-Rehearsals are the whole writing process which starts with an unwritten dialogue to brainstorm with collaboration to the draft

-Signals are indicators during the rehearsal stages which tell the writer how to control and to produce the first draft. They include genre (limits but clarify, POV, voice(tone in text), news, image, pattern, and creative problem

--Scientific research helped influence education where teaching became a profession,, brought a progressive view of English, curriculum based on identifying occasion, assist, and have their writing depend on their efforts for the audience. (ex letters)

-Computers changed writing for the better where users are both the reader/writer, understand power of network, impact the internet by knowing audience, and solve big issues

-Writing is a learning progress where doing it in sequence isn’t as effective compared to simultaneously developing with print, alphabet, and critical thinking. Overall, curriculum should be created through models, using them in curriculum, and teaching

Ask yourself questions as you read along to help you understand what you’re reading

Writing and reading are a pair and work well together.

We shouldn’t assume that just cause someone is able to read means they they can write on it

We need to be able to analyze a writer’s skills and choice of word to be able to understand what a piece of writing is about

A writer needs to really dig deep in the topic he’s writing on

Creating a visual image in your head of your story helps you have a clear view of just what you're going to write

Writing is a big part of our life, outside of school, we use it at works and so much more

We need to embrace new forms of learning with new energy and adapt

-To raise our children in a society where they value hard work and literacy over temporary items to look cool 

-Writing was hard work,especially before the invention of the pencil or ballpoint pen and it was a hassle to write something than to read something 

- mentions to articulate new models of composing developing right in front of our eyes,design new models of writing curriculum and create new models for teaching 

- Purpose is to increase retention and graduation rates, specifically to those with diverse backgrounds

- Institutional, critical, academic, and traditional literacies are part of the framework, each teaches students important skills/practices for college writing and the real world 

- Question the text: ask what is the author’s purpose, their intended audience, why they chose a certain word, if the technique is effective in their writing, etc.

- Students then decide if they would want to use that technique in their own writing and also if that technique works for the student’s assignment

- Without constantly reading and improving student’s reading (as much as writing), they’ll lack the analyzing/comprehension skills to see the important things in society/the world around them

- By reading and writing being taught at the same time, students gain experience in finding meaning in not only writing but reading too, which helps students beyond school. “Prepared to be informed, aware, and engaged citizens.”

- Writers fear being unoriginal and plagiarizing and must try to get an original thought/idea.  

- Collaborating helps us become better writer, it helps us write and come up with ideas. Other’s work and our surroundings are our inspiration for author’s work and “original” ideas

- There are no genius authors or those born with talent that can write something without collaboration. 

- Good writers are those who keeps persisting to improve by allowing feedback, reflection, etc. on their work

- When writers see that they have improved, they know that being a good writer is not a talent but something you can work towards with hard work. 

- The four forces of writing: increasing information (using our own experiences that we can talk about a lot), increasing concern (know more about subject —> writer feels (more) about the subject), waiting audience (the pressure from others expecting the next chapter), and approaching deadline (final/absolute to get something done or there might be consequences)

- Rehearsal: seeing signals to help make the first draft 

- Get students used to seeing signals during their rehearsal process

- Writing has changed significantly from the 20th century to the 21st century

- The importance of composing. How teens already know how to compose, organize, and know their intended audience. 

- How to teach students in this new day and age to compose.

- The multiliteracy framework will help students prepare ahead and meet academic writing requirements for college.

- Along with the use of multiliteracy frameworks, universities should create welcoming environments to increase their students’ ability to academically succeed.

- We need to read other works in order to adapt different writing techniques that will help us develop our writing skills.

- Before we start on writing an essay, we should read previous essays to see how the writer constructed their work.

- Students need to learn how to read in order to develop the ability to comprehend or understand their academic readings.

- Reading can give us creativity, therefore we can see different meanings and perspectives of a certain text.

- The key to creating original work is to collaborate with the world and to consider learning from other writers’ work.

- Although writing can be hard, daily writers should not feel like they are not good enough because their word doesn’t meet the unrealistic expectations of great literature.

- Educators should not criticize the student’s ability to form well written papers, instead they should consider students' access to better education and their socioeconomic background.

- When inexperienced writers build bad habits in viewing themselves as good enough, they meet a self fulfilling prophecy. Therefore, inexperienced writers will not continue their writing progress and become discouraged to keep growing.

- Writers should be aware of their strengths and weaknesses from feedback throughout their writing progress.

- The point of view signal can help bring more ideas on what to add in a story by considering others perspectives.

- Educators should allow students to write without having to reach grammar or writing requirements at first. Therefore, educators should encourage students to write what they have in mind to create original work.

- Educators should encourage students to collaborate with others to help them gain more ideas and better writing styles.

-There needs to be better communication between high schools and colleges on what should be taught.

-Each student has various starting points in their virtual backpack which can cause some students to have an unfair disadvantage when it comes to higher education.

-Asking yourself questions before/during reading can help you understand why a writer writes the way they do

-Instead of reading for content you should read to understand how a piece of writing was put together

-Reading is directly correlated to writing so if students aren’t taught how to read properly they can fall behind on their writing.

-Carrillo emphasizes that teachers need to stop focusing on writing and start focusing on developing student's reading skills.

-You do not need to be a genius to be a good writer

-Writing should be a collaborative process

-Schools focus on the end product not the process of writing

-Parrott emphasizes the idea that persistence is key when trying to improve your writing

-The main force that prevents writers from writing is resistance.

-Pre- writing is a crucial part of the writing process.

-Writing curriculum should change as writing evolves

-Writing has a bad reputation because people associate it to testing, work, and evaluating. People steered away from this idea when recreational writing was introduced.

Think about what techniques could have made the writing piece better. Were their word choices not formal, or too formal? Did it fit within the context of the piece? If it didn't, why is that? What word could they have used instead? Did a certain transition to another topic not make sense, or could it have been delivered better? 

Figuring out which elements could best be used in your own writings. Looking back at technique, tone, wording, and impact can help give you a start on what to look for. 

Student's phonics skills are reinforced

Students need the opportunity to continue working on their reading and writing skills in college or they won't have the tools to recognize complex concepts within an academic or social setting

Teachers must focus on active reading approaches

The idea that an author must only write about their own “original” thought must die. Instead we should encourage collaboration. (Lone Genius author)

Writing is a collaborative behavior

Discussions on what being an author means hyper focus on what they shouldn't do. Writers who are inexperienced will feel criminalized and judged simply for being new at the craft

“Metacognition” (73)

We should emphasize that writing is a social activity rather than an object of art. 

Students should be able to experience the pre-writing process, as all writers do. They should not be xpeted to write on command, but should be given time and strategies to figure out when the proper time to start comes

Resistance to writing is also called The Law of Delay, which means that when writing can be delayed, it will. 

There are four pressures writers feel that make them want to write: increasing information, increasing concern, waiting audience, and approaching deadline. 

Rehearsal is what the writer does when they aren’t sure what to write and under the four pressures most writers feel

Create a new writing curriculum for students in kindergarten to graduate school. 

Find new ways to teach to students; embrace and adopt abstract and out of the box learning strategies