Congress, Presidency & Bureaucracy by Phoebe Ho https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7 Patricia Nuestro, Eddy Tat, Phoebe Ho, Adeline Cheng en-us 2019-01-15 17:42:22 UTC 2025-11-19 15:10:09 UTC hello@padlet.com WHO influences Congress? adelinecheng9 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321030968
  • Lawmakers and staff
  • Party (Platform)
  • President
  • Lobbyists and 3rd party group
    • ]]>     2019-01-15 22:36:42 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321030968     HOW do they influence Congress? adelinecheng9 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321031557 Caucuses-voting blocs
    Amendments-small additions to the legislation
    Lobbying-Trying to influence the lawmaker's decisions
    Legislative Veto- Rejection of a presidential action]]>     2019-01-15 22:39:16 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321031557     THE PRESIDENCY adelinecheng9 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321032135 US politicians studied British monarchs and American colonies to develop democracy.

    Requirements --
    • natural citizen
    • 35 years old
    • resident of US for 14 years

    After becoming president, the president can serve 4 year terms for 2 terms.
     

    ]]>     2019-01-15 22:41:44 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321032135     Win the Presidency through the ELECTORAL COLLEGE adelinecheng9 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321032901 Electoral College elects the president. The system is made up of House and Senate members. A candidate must win a majority of 270 electoral votes. 

    Below is an example of how the results of a vote would look. It's all or nothing. ]]>     2019-01-15 22:45:30 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321032901     Lose the Presidency through Impeachment adelinecheng9 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321033353 (Or lose position to VP if president is "disabled")

    IMPEACHMENT
    • Wrongdoing of a government official
    • House impeaches President
    • Senate judges the charges (2/3 vote needed) 
    • Chief justice of Supreme Court judges 

    Below is Bill Clinton, an impeached president who was later acquitted by the Senate
    ]]>     2019-01-15 22:47:56 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321033353     Vice Presidency adelinecheng9 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321034070 (Minor Role)
    1. Tie Breaker in Senate
    2. Takes over president's job if he is unfit
    ]]>     2019-01-15 22:52:03 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321034070     Presidential Powers and Limitations adelinecheng9 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321034638 Powers come in multiple forms-

    Executive - enforces laws, appoints officials and assumes emergency powers
    Diplomatic - negotiates treaties, meets with foreign leaders and appoints diplomats
    Military - serves as commander-in-chief
    Judicial
    Party - party leader


    Powers are limited from-

    Congressional Checks - Power of the purse and Impeachment (holds the most power over the President)
    Judicial Checks - judicial review
    Political Checks - public opinion and popularity levels

    ]]>     2019-01-15 22:54:49 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321034638     House of Representatives eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321337167
  • 435 members (apportioned by population)
  • 2 years per term
  • Qualifications:
    1. at least 25 years of age
    2. citizen for 7 years
    3. must live in state
    • constituencies by districts
    • less prestige
    ]]>     2019-01-16 17:09:46 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321337167     Senate eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321339160
  • 100 members (two per state)
  • 6 years per term , staggered terms (1/3 of senate is elected every 2 years)
  • Qualifications:
    1. at least 30 years of age
    2. citizen for 9 years
    3. must live in state
    • constituencies by state
    • more prestige
    ]]>     2019-01-16 17:13:09 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321339160     Organization of Congress eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321341916
  • Meets for a term of two years beginning on January 3
  • President may call special sessions
  • Each house of Congress chooses its own leader and makes its own rules
    • ]]>     2019-01-16 17:18:08 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321341916     Election to Congress (House) eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321342626 Chosen from districts within states
    Practices:
    • Reapportionment - redistribution of seats after census determines population changes
    • Redistricting - drawing by state legislatures of congressional districts with more than one representative
    • Gerrymandering - drawing congressional districts in favor of one political party or group
    ]]>     2019-01-16 17:19:26 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321342626     Election of Congress (Senate) eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321347142 Direct election of senators by the people (17th Amendment)]]> 2019-01-16 17:27:07 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321347142 Incumbency Effect eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321347560 Tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to various reasons, such as:
    • name of recognition
    • franking privilege
    • credit claiming
    • casework for constituents
    • more visible to constituents
    • media exposure
    • fundraising abilities
    • experience in campaigning
    • voting record
    ]]>     2019-01-16 17:27:50 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321347560     Leadership of Congress (House) eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321349646
  • Speaker of the House - presiding officer and most powerful member; assigns bills to committees, controls floor debate, and appoints part members to committees
  • Majority Leader - major assistant to speaker that plants party's legislative program, and directs floor debates
  • Minority Leader - major spokesperson for the minority party that organizes opposition to the majority party
  • Whips help floor leaders direct party members in voting, inform member of impeding votes, keep track of vote counts, and pressure members to vote with party
    • ]]>     2019-01-16 17:31:35 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321349646     Leadership of Congress (Senate) eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321353030
  • U.S. Vice President - presiding officer that cannot vote and only votes to break a tie
  • President pro tempore - senior member in majority party and presides in absence of Senate president
  • Majority Leader is most influential member is often the majority party spokesperson
  • Minority Leader is the major spokesperson for the minority party that organizes opposition to the majority party
  • Whips help floor leaders direct party members in voting, inform member of impeding votes, keep track of vote counts, and pressure members to vote with party
    • ]]>     2019-01-16 17:37:37 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321353030     Committee System eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321797787 Leadership
    • Committee chairpersons are majority party members chosen by party caucus
    Membership
    • percentage of membership reflects overall percentage of Democrats and Republicans
    Types of Committees
    • standing committees are permanent and deal with specific policy matters
    • select committees are temporary and deal with a specific purpose
    • joint committees formed with members from both houses that may be select committees or committees that deal with routine duties
    • conference committees are temporary with members from both houses to resolve differences in bills
    Caucus
    • informal groups formed by members of congress who share a common goal
    ]]>     2019-01-17 17:17:57 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321797787     Roles of Members of Congress eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321803786 Policymaker - make public policy through passage of legislation
    Representative - represents constituents
    • Delegates vote based solely on constituents
    • Trustees vote based on constituents and their own opinions
    Constituent Servant - help constituents with problems
    Committee Member - serve on committees
    Politician/Party Member - work to support their political party platform and get reelected
    ]]>     2019-01-17 17:27:45 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321803786     Powers of Congress eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321805948 Legislative Powers
    • expressed powers
    • implied powers
    • limitations on powers
    Non-legislative Powers
    • electoral powers
    • amendment powers
    • impeachment
    • executive power of Senate
    • investigate/oversight power
    ]]>     2019-01-17 17:31:36 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321805948     Lawmaking Process (House) eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321807019 1. Bill begins in the house
    2. Bills is introduced and assigned to committees and sometimes subcommittees
    3. Bill is approved or rejected by committee and terms of debate are set by rules committee where it is debated by the House
    4. Vote is taken whether to pass it to Senate
    5. Conference committee resolves differences
    6. Returned back to House for vote on revised version
    7. President determines whether it becomes a law or not, and Congress may or may not overturn the veto]]>     2019-01-17 17:33:17 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321807019     Lawmaking Process (Senate) eddytat123 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321811291 1. Bill begins in the Senate (no revenue bills)
    2. Bills is introduced and assigned to committees and sometimes subcommittees
    3. Bill is approved or rejected by committee and is debated by the House
    4. Vote is taken whether to pass it to House
    5. Conference committee resolves differences
    6. Returned back to Senate for vote on revised version
    7. President determines whether it becomes a law or not, and Congress may or may not overturn the veto]]>     2019-01-17 17:40:00 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321811291     Bureaucrats phoebexho https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321993696 members of the bureaucracy; one that has issues and worries with procedural correctness at the expense of the people's needs]]> 2019-01-18 04:12:28 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321993696 Importance of Bureaucrats phoebexho https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321994300 Although people seem to think Americans can make do without them, bureaucrats can be doing the most simplest tasks that help out the entire population. Tasks they do include delivering mail, testing milk, clean streets, issue Social Security and student loan checks, and make sure the government is running as smoothly as possible. 
    The permanent bureaucracy is more broadly representative of the American population than are legislators, judges, or presidential appointees in the executive branch.]]>     2019-01-18 04:17:44 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321994300     Patronage phoebexho https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321995444 Key inducements used by political machines
    Power to control appointments or to the right to privileges
    Hiring and promotion system based off political reasons rather than on merit or competence]]>     2019-01-18 04:27:39 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321995444     Bureaucracies as Implementers phoebexho https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321995791 They take congressional, presidential, and sometimes judicial assertion and develop procedures and rules for implementing policy goals]]> 2019-01-18 04:30:56 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321995791 Policy Implementation phoebexho https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321996360 Most policies are not self executing. Policy implementation is the stage of policy making between the establishment of a policy and the results of the policy for individuals.]]> 2019-01-18 04:36:49 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321996360 Voting Rights Act of 1965 phoebexho https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321996674 Implementation can be effective if goals are clear and there are adequate means to achieve them. Congress passed the Voting Rights Act in 1965, specifically towards the discrimination against African American voters in the South. The act singled out 6 states in the Deep South where the number of registered African American voters was small. ]]> 2019-01-18 04:39:57 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321996674 Bureaucracies as Regulators phoebexho https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321997327 Regulation is the most controversial role of the bureaucracies. Congress gives bureaucracies mandates to regulate like interest rates, the location of nuclear power plants and food additives]]> 2019-01-18 04:47:03 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321997327 Government Regulation phoebexho https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321997535 Government regulation is the use of government authority to control or change same practice in the private sector ]]> 2019-01-18 04:49:53 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/321997535 What is Bureaucracy? patricianuestro5 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322004120 It is a complex and large administrative structure that is responsible for carrying out day-to-day tasks of the organization.
    Bureaucracies follow three basic principles:
    • Hierarchical authority - those at the top having more authority than the ones below.
    • Job specialization - a division of labor among workers.
    • Formal rules - established rules and regulations must be followed.
    ]]>     2019-01-18 06:19:07 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322004120     Federal Bureaucracy patricianuestro5 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322004913 It is divided into 4 types:
    • Cabinet Departments
    • Independent Executive Agencies
    • Independent Regulatory Agencies
    • Government Corporations
    Influences on the Federal Bureaucracy:
    • Executive influences
    • Congressional influences
    • Iron triangles (subgovernments)
    • Issue networks
    ]]>     2019-01-18 06:28:58 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322004913     The Development of Bureaucracy patricianuestro5 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322004914
  • Beginnings - qualifications and political acceptability.
  • Spoils system - practice for giving offers and government favors to supporters; patronage
  • Reform movement - competitive exams failed due to inadequate funding.
  • Pendleton Act of 1883 - eliminated spoils system; exam-based merit system used to fill government jobs.
  • Hatch Act of 1939 - limits political activities for bureaucrats.
  • Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 - created Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to provide guidance to the agencies of the executive branch; abolished the U.S. Civil Service Commission.
    • ]]>     2019-01-18 06:28:59 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322004914     Executive Agencies within the Executive Office of the President (EOP): patricianuestro5 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322005452
  • White House Office
  • National Security Council
  • Office of Management and Budget
  • Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives
  • Office of National Drug Control Policy
  • Office of Policy Development
  • Council of Economic Advisers
  • Office of U.S. Trade Representative
  • Office of Administration
  • Council on Environmental Quality
  • Office of Science and Technology Policy
  • Office of the Vice President
    • ]]>     2019-01-18 06:35:32 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322005452     Cabinet Departments patricianuestro5 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322005851 They are created to advise the president and operate a specific policy of governmental activity.
    The 15 Cabinet departments are: State, Treasury, Defense, Interior, Justice, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security

    Each of the 15 departments is usually headed by a secretary, except the Justice Department which is run by the attorney general.
    ]]>     2019-01-18 06:40:14 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322005851     Independent Regulatory Agencies patricianuestro5 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322006474 They regulate important parts of the economy and make rules for large industries and businesses.
    • Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
    • The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
    • Federal Election Commission (FEC)
    • The Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)
    • The Federal Reserve Board (The Fed)
    ]]>     2019-01-18 06:46:57 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322006474     Government Corporations patricianuestro5 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322006688 They are created to allow more freedom and flexibility than exists in the regular government agencies.
    • The U.S. Postal Service
    • National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK)
    • The Corporation for Public Broadcasting
    • The Tennessee Valley Authority
    ]]>     2019-01-18 06:48:13 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322006688     Independent Executive Agencies patricianuestro5 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322006816 They are similar to cabinet departments, but they are smaller and less complex.
    • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
    • Environmental Protection Agency
    • Social Security Administration
    • The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
    ]]>     2019-01-18 06:49:31 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322006816     Controlling the Bureaucracy patricianuestro5 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322006969 Ways the president tries to control the bureaucracy:
    • Appoint the right people to head the agency
    • Issue executive orders
    • Tinker with an agency’s budget
    • Reorganize an agency
    Ways the Congress tries to control the bureaucracy:
    • Influence the appointment of agency heads
    • Appropriations of agency budgets
    • Hold hearings and conduct investigations
    ]]>     2019-01-18 06:50:47 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322006969     Iron Triangles & Issue Networks patricianuestro5 https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322007230 Iron triangles - are alliances among bureaucrats, interest groups, and congressional subcommittee members; subgovernments.
    Issue networks - are networks that consist of people in interest groups, on congressional staffs. In bureaucratic agencies, in universities, and mass media who regularly debate an issue.
    ]]>     2019-01-18 06:53:41 UTC https://padlet.com/phoebexho/f6rx91vg71j7/wish/322007230