1. L2 Pragmatics

Definition: Study of how language is used socially in a second language

Example: Understanding how to politely refuse a request in English as a non-native speaker.

2. CALL

Using digital technology to support language learning.

Using an app to practice English conversations.

3. CMC

Communication via technology, synchronous or asynchronous.

Chatting with a language partner on Zoom.

4. Blended Learning

Mixing face-to-face and online instruction.

Attending classes both in person and via online platforms.

5. Telecollaboration

Remote cultural or language collaboration using technology.

Students from Japan and the US discussing culture via emails.

6. Metapragmatic Awareness

Reflecting on how language is used in social contexts.

Discussing why certain phrases sound polite or rude in different cultures.

7. Pragmalinguistics

Linguistic forms used to express communicative intent.

Saying “Could you please…” to make a polite request.

8. Sociopragmatics

Social and cultural factors influencing language use.

Understanding when it’s appropriate to use formal or informal language.

9. Speech Acts

Actions performed by speaking (e.g., requesting, apologizing).

Saying “I’m sorry” to apologize.

10. Input Enhancement

Making language features more noticeable for learners.

Highlighting polite expressions in a text.

11. Authentic Language Data

Real, natural language material used in teaching.

Using recorded conversations from native speakers.

12. Synchronous Communication

Real-time interaction, like video calls or live chats.

Discussing a topic on Skype.

13. Asynchronous Communication

Communication with delay, like emails or forums.

Posting a message on a discussion board.

14. Multimodal Input

Using multiple modes such as text, audio, and visuals in teaching.

Watching a video with subtitles and gestures.

15. Metapragmatic Tasks

Activities encouraging analysis of pragmatic language.

Comparing how greetings vary in different cultures.

16. Discourse Marker

Words/phrases organizing conversation (e.g., “well,” “actually”).

Using “so” to start an explanation.

17. Netiquette

Online communication manners and rules.

Avoiding typing in all caps in emails.

18. Digital Literacy

Skills to use digital tools effectively and safely.

Knowing how to join a video conference properly.

19. Virtual Environments

3D digital spaces where users interact via avatars.

Playing in a virtual world like Second Life.

20. MUVE

Multi-user virtual environment for simultaneous interaction.

Participating in a virtual Spanish learning world.

21. MALL

Mobile-assisted language learning via smartphones or tablets.

Learning vocabulary with a mobile app on your phone.

22. Pragmatic Socialization

Learning pragmatic norms of a language community.

Understanding when to use formal vs informal speech in a new language.

23. Cloze Exercise

Fill-in-the-blank tasks to practice language.

Completing missing words in a sentence.

24. Mind-Mapping Tool

Visual organization tool for ideas and concepts.

Creating a diagram to plan a speech act lesson.

25. Role-Play

Simulated communicative situations for practice.

Acting out a restaurant order in English class.

26. Explicit Instruction

Direct teaching of specific language skills.

Explaining the rules for making requests clearly.

27. Implicit Learning

Learning without conscious awareness or direct instruction.

Picking up social cues from watching TV shows.

28. Feedback

Information guiding learner progress.

A teacher correcting a student’s polite request.

29. Pragmatic Competence

Ability to use language appropriately in social contexts.

Knowing when to use polite forms in emails.

30. Language Socialization

Learning language through participation in social communities.

Adopting cultural norms by chatting with native speakers online.

31. Cultural Scaffolding

Support helping learners understand cultural language norms.

Providing background on politeness norms before an intercultural chat.

32. Pragmatic Formulae

Fixed expressions used for specific pragmatic functions.

Using “Thank you” as a formula for expressing gratitude.

33. Peer Assistance

Help from fellow learners to enhance learning.

Pair work where students correct each other’s politeness strategies.

34. Intercultural Competence

Ability to communicate effectively across cultures.

Understanding how humor varies between cultures.

35. Discourse Management

Organizing flow and turn-taking in conversation.

Changing the topic smoothly in small talk.

36. Register

Language style or level of formality.

Using formal language in a job interview vs informal language with friends.

37. Style-Shifting

Changing language style depending on context.

Switching from slang to formal speech in different situations.

38. Pragmatic Negation

Denying or refusing politely in social interaction.

Saying “I’m afraid I can’t” to refuse an invitation.

39. Synchronous Chat

Real-time text conversation.

Messaging a peer during an online class.

40. Video Conferencing

Live video and audio communication.

Attending a virtual language exchange session.

41. Pragmatic Analysis

Studying real language use to understand pragmatic functions.

Analyzing how apologies are made in emails.

42. Intercultural Perspective-Taking

Understanding others’ cultural viewpoints.

Considering how gestures mean different things in different cultures.

43. Task-Based Learning

Learning through performing real-life tasks.

Planning a trip in a foreign language as a class project.

44. Automaticity

Using language quickly without conscious effort.

Responding naturally in conversation after practice.

45. Scaffolding

Temporary support to help learners become independent.

Providing sentence starters for polite requests, then removing them later.

46. Formulaic Sequences

Common fixed expressions in everyday speech.

Using “How are you?” as a standard greeting.

47. Agentive Learning

Learner actively controls and makes decisions in their learning process.

Choosing to focus on practicing refusals based on personal interest.

48. Telecollaborative Projects

Remote collaborative projects using technology.

Students from different countries working together via online blogs.

49. Metapragmatic Discussion

Talking about how language is used socially and culturally.

Discussing why some compliments may be accepted or rejected.

50. Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy

Framework categorizing cognitive skills from remembering to creating.

Designing activities that require learners to analyze or create pragmatic dialogues.