• Spread to Europe and the United States

• Role of cotton textile, iron, and steel industries

• Relationship to the British Enclosure Movement

• Rise of the factory system and demise of cottage industries

• Rising economic powers that wanted to control raw materials and markets throughout the world

• Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves

• Steam engine: James Watt

• Cotton gin: Eli Whitney

• Process for making steel: Henry Bessemer

 

• Development of smallpox vaccination: Edward Jenner

• Discovery of bacteria: Louis Pasteur

 

• Population increase

• Increased standards of living for many but not all

• Improved transportation

• Urbanization

• Environmental pollution

• Increased education

• Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions

• Growth of the middle class

• Role of market competition and entrepreneurial abilities

• Impact on standard of living and the growth of the middle class

• Dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in society

• Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto (written with Friedrich Engels) and Das Kapital

• Response to the injustices of capitalism

• Importance to communists of redistribution of wealth

• Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages

• Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high

• Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers

• The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

• Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children

• Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management