https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s en-us 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC 2025-10-18 19:22:15 UTC hello@padlet.com afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934545 In 1816, Congress chartered The Second Bank of the United States and opened it in the state of Maryland. Maryland introduced legislation that would allow it to tax the federal bank. McCulloch was an employee of the bank and felt this was unfair. He refused to pay the tax. The states courts rules that the bank should pay taxes because it is in Maryland.]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934545 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934546 The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the power to create a national bank and locate it in the state of Maryland. It ruled that Maryland could not tax the federal government. SCOTUS noted that the Constitution allows for implied powers and that the Necessary and Proper Clause holds that states cannot tax the federal government.

]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934546 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934547 The Court's ruling shows the principle of federalism. According to the Constitution, when federal and state laws are in conflict, the states must submit to the federal government. Federal law has supremacy over state laws.]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934547 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934550 In the 1940s, Oliver Brown was not told he could not enroll his daughter in a white school and that she would have to go to an African-American school further away. The lawsuit claimed that this school had inferior resources and facilities compared to the white school. The family felt this was a a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause. Lower federal courts ruled that separate but equal was fair and the case was appealed to the Supreme Court.]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934550 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934552 The Court ruled that separating children based on race created a feeling of inferiority and that the different in quality of resources is unfair. They ruled that separate but equal is not fair and that the segregation of schools violates due process of law and the 14th amendment. ]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934552 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934553 The case is considered instrumental in the civil rights movement that would come a few years later. The case highlighted the inequalities and the struggles faced by African-Americans and other minority groups. Further, the case demonstrates the case of judicial review, as it declared laws passed by Congress unconstitutional. Earlier cases, such as Plessy vs Ferguson and the Dred Scott Case were overturned.]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934553 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934557 After the presidential election of 1800, President Thomas Jefferson began making his appointments. Marbury, who appointed before by Adams the day before he left office, did not receive his commission because of technicality. He petitioned the Supreme Court asking for his just appointment. ]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934557 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934559 The Supreme Court reviewed the case and ruled that Marbury should not be given his appointment. They also ruled that Marbury should not have petitioned SCOTUS because he had not gone through the lower courts. The Judiciary Act of 1789, passed by Congress, allowed this. This was found to be unconstitutional since he did go through the lower courts. SCOTUS does not have original jurisdiction beyond what is mentioned in the Constitution.]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934559 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934561 The case is significant because it establishes judicial review. The Constitution allows the Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction, and original jurisdiction only in cases involving the states and foreign nationals. All other cases must first go through lower federal appellate courts or through state supreme courts if there is a question of constitutional rights.]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934561 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934563 In 1965, the Vietnam conflict was heating up. Students in Des Moines, Iowa, wanted to show their protest for the war by wearing black armbands. The school knew they were going to do this and implemented a rule that prohibited students from wearing the armbands. Students who wore the armbands to school were suspended. The students argued that the armbands caused no real disruption of school activities. The students brough the case to the federal district and appellate courts, then petitioned SCOTUS.]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934563 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934564 The students argued that their first amendment rights were violated, as they had the  constitutional right for freedom of expression.  SCOTUS ruled that there was no evidence of disruption and that students have rights even when in school. The school had only banned one form of protest, but allowed others. The Court ruled that school officials should not censor student expression unless it causes disruption, interferes in school activities or invades the rights of others.]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934564 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934565 This case shows that the freedom of expression, guaranteed by the first amendment, is not limited to activities outside of school. In this case, there was no disruption. School officials can, however, regulate student speed if it is offensive, vulgar, slanderous, or advocates harm to others.]]> 2022-04-04 04:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2127934565 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128771739 The Supreme Court ruled that on international waterways, the person with a federal license had more precedent and rights to the waterways. The Supreme Court determined that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution grants the federal government the power to determine how interstate commerce is conducted.]]> 2022-04-04 14:29:45 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128771739 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128844444 In 1892, Louisiana ratified the Separate Car Act, and African-Americans and white people were seated on separate railway cars. Homer Plessy, who was mostly white, but part black, sat in a "white's only" section of a rail car.  When Plessy was told to move,  he refused and was arrested. Plessy argued that the state's Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments and the case was appealed to SCOTUS.

]]> 2022-04-04 15:02:59 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128844444 dariannar3261 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128849916 In 1963, Clarence Earl Gideon was charged in the Florida State Court with felony breaking and entering. Gideon requested a lawyer, but Florida State Law didn't provide lawyers in capital cases. Therefore, Gideon represented himself, was found guilt, and was sentenced to 5 years in prison. Gideon filed a Habeas Corpus petition, arguing that the trial court's decision violated his right to be represented by a counsel. The Florida Supreme Court denied the Habeas Corpus relief.  ]]> 2022-04-04 15:05:38 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128849916 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128851033 The Supreme court reviewed the case and sided with the state of Louisiana. It justified this by noting that although the train cars were separated according to race, they were equal and the state law does not violate the 14th amendment. Separate is equal.]]> 2022-04-04 15:06:09 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128851033 kevinb1553 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128851328 The Court ruled that the court had violated Gideon's 6th amendment with the denial of a lawyer during his Court session when he had requested one. The ruling ended up being a unanimous decision for Gideon's cause and issue with only two Justices concurring seen with Justice Clark and Harlan. The decision was made on March 18th, 1963.]]> 2022-04-04 15:06:18 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128851328 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128852859 This case is significant because it is the only landmark case where the Supreme Courts ruling was later overturned. In addition it is also significant because it established that enslaved people had no right in federal court, this also led to the southern states not having to follow the "once free, always free" rule. As well as the declaration that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in certain newly added territories. (Wisconsin). - Luke]]> 2022-04-04 15:06:57 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128852859 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128853379 This case is considered significant because of the impact it had on our present day lives. During this case, they gave him the right against self-discrimination under the 5th and 6th Amendment. This case was important because Miranda was detained before given his constitutional rights, and to an attorney prior to police questioning.
bella sullivan]]> 2022-04-04 15:07:11 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128853379 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128853447 The case upheld segregation and would later be overturned in by judicial review in the Brown vs BOE case. The case was later deemed to be a violation of 14th amendment rights and by separating African Americans, it implies that they are inferior. This is a violation of the 14th amendment to the Constitution.]]> 2022-04-04 15:07:13 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128853447 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128854017 In 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested on charges of rape and kidnapping after being identified after a witness. While being interrogated, police did not notify Miranda of his constitutional rights to an attorney nor self-incrimination. After a signed confession, this led to his conviction. Miranda's lawyer though appealed the case to the Arizona Supreme Court arguing that police had violated Miranda’s constitutional rights in obtaining a confession without the presence of a lawyer.
- Alauna Brooks]]> 2022-04-04 15:07:30 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128854017 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128854976 Benjamin Gitlow, communist & journalist, arrested in 1919 for distributing "a left wing Manifesto." Advocated to overthrow the U.S government with his friend, Alan Larkin. Gitlow had two prior convictions for criminal anarchy, an offense under New York state law. His case was ruled on June 8, 1925 and dismissed in the 1930s. 

Alfredo, Nekesha, Jackie, Ira, Maribella, Kira, and Linda. ]]> 2022-04-04 15:07:58 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128854976 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128855063 In Ohio in 1961, police officers entered the home of Mapp as they believed that a bomber was hidden inside. While searching the home, they found illegal material and convicted Mapp of a crime. However, Mapp appealed to the Supreme Court, saying that her rights were violated. The case ended up going to the Supreme Court where majority ruled that evidence obtained unconstitutionally could not be used against a defendant in a state criminal prosecution.

-Rome, Isaiah, Braeden, Jennifer, Ashley]]> 2022-04-04 15:08:00 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128855063 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128856334 The Supreme Court ruled that Scott could not sue Sandford on the basis that he was a slave and therefore had no rights under the constitution. Though his masters did reside in Missouri, Illinois, and the Louisiana territory where slavery was forbidden under the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Scott was not recognized as a citizen under the constitution and didn't have the right to sue.]]> 2022-04-04 15:08:38 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128856334 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128858271 The Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to arrest and detain criminal suspects before getting to police questioning, must be allowed to know their rights of the constitution, and all rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination.]]> 2022-04-04 15:09:36 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128858271 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128859889 This case is significant because the Supreme Court ruled that under the 4th and 14th amendment, evidence obtained illegally may not be used against someone in a court of law.  This means if the prosecution finds evidence that the defendant may be guilty of the case they may not use it if they found it illegally. Even though the prosecutor's are trying to make criminals pay consequences they still have to follow the law or else it will be ruled unconstitutional. 
Isaiah Evans , Jennifer Ortiz Marin]]> 2022-04-04 15:10:21 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128859889 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128860008 Gideon Vs Wainwright (1963), the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves. The case begins with the 1961 arrest of Clarence Earl Gideon.
Tylon and Tyree]]> 2022-04-04 15:10:25 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128860008 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128861456 The Supreme Court on June 19, 1961, ruled that the exclusionary rule applies to not only the Federal Govt. but the states as well. Meaning that evidence obtained in violation of the 4th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which does not allow "unreasonable  searches and seizures" isn't able to be presented in state courts.]]> 2022-04-04 15:11:03 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128861456 oswaldos5082 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128862390 Dred Scott v Sandford was a landmark case which transpired from February 11-18, 1856 regarding slave Dred Scott filing a suit against Missouri Court in order to gain freedom, stating that his inhabitants in free territory deemed him a free man. Scott used the 1820 Missouri compromise in his favor stating slavery was forbidden where he was stationed. To his surprise, Scott ended up losing his case where he then filed a new suit in Federal Court. - (Alberto S.)]]> 2022-04-04 15:11:23 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128862390 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128864703 This case shows the significance of both having the freedom of speech and press protections. It was also the first time the Supreme Court had fully taken in the idea that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited the states from denying their citizens freedom of speech without due process. 

Nekesha, Jackie, Kira, Alfredo, Linda, Maribella, Ira]]> 2022-04-04 15:12:29 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128864703 kiran4554 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128868723 The ruling of Gitlow vs New York on June 8, 1925 enabled prohibitions on speech which simply advocated potential violence, that was eventually dismissed in the 1930s, but later the Court became more restrictive regarding the types of speech that government could permissibly suppress. In Gitlow vs. New York, the Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee that individuals cannot be "deprived of liberty without due process of law" applied free speech and free press protection to the states and in an opinion that was authored by Justice Edward Sanford, the Court concluded that New York could prohibit advocating violent efforts to overthrow the government under the Criminal Anarchy Law.

Kira, Jackie, Linda, Nekesha, Alfredo, Maribella, Ira]]> 2022-04-04 15:14:19 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128868723 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128870607 The Supreme Court issued a 6-3 decision in favor of Mapp. This overturned her conviction.

]]> 2022-04-04 15:15:15 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128870607 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128882168 In 1808, New York granted a steamboat company the freedom to operate its boats on the waterways between New York and New Jersey. Ogden held a state license to operate steamboats and Gibbons held a federal coasting license issued by an act of Congress. Ogden tried to stop Gibbons from operating his boats, but Gibbons argued that the Constitution gave his license more authority. Gibbons petitioned the Supreme Court after losing in state courts.]]> 2022-04-04 15:20:31 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128882168 afaxon1 https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128892574 The case demonstrated the principle of federalism. Although some powers are shared, the Constitution is clear that when a federal law is in conflict with a state law, then the federal law has priority and has more authority.]]> 2022-04-04 15:25:37 UTC https://padlet.com/afaxon1/f2lzcfimhcdv0w0s/wish/2128892574