After an explotion that Japanese military made but blamed Chinese, they annexed Manchuria saying they were protecting their interest.

To not gain attention from internationals, they provoked sharp clashes with Chinese in Shanghai, known as the First Shanghai incident (1932)

In 1937, Chinese resistance retreated to Nanjing and later ceased the resistance. Japanese troops began a 7-week reign of terror, raping women and children, and executing Chinese soldiers.

Empires collapsed after the war (Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman), Germany faced harsh consequences, African colonized countried didn't get their independence, countries unsatisfied with results of the treaty. (M. Alvarado. Personal Communication . April 29 2025.)

In 1936, they formally annexed Ethiopia after taking the capital.

In 1936, German troops retook Rhineland, which was demilitarized by the treaty. France feared that if they protested, they would face another war. British didn't see it as hostile

The same year, a referendum took place between Austria and Germany to see if Austria would be annexed even when the treaty prohibited this.

Hitler wanted Sudeteland under the presumption of gathering the Germans. Around 1938, the Czechoslovak goverment granted them self-government to avoid war.

Later, in 1939, Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia.

Many Jewish escaped Germany and tried to be refugees in other countries, but these countries did not accepted them.

Germans believed that Jewish were a problem, a dehumanizing tactic, and by eliminating them, a better Germany would be born.

The allies were formed by Poland, Britain, and France.

Germany and the USSR invaded Poland, which caused the ceasing of Poland.

In 1936, the Anti-comintern Pact was signed against the communist ideas (Japan, Germany), but Japan left in 1939.

The Tripartite Pact was signed in 1940 between Germany, Japan, and Italy.

In 1941, USSR and Japan signed a Neutrality Pact, freeing them from having a multiple-front war.

The BEF tried to defend the French-Belgian border. The winter of 1939-1940 became known as Phony war, as little action took place.

British commander, after seeing this, ordered a retreat to Dunkirk

The Germans' strategy failed and shifted to civilian spaces, such as the bombing of London, helped the British recover and develop more weapons.

They advanced rapidly, but the supplies didn't, many people died from diseases or starvation, others survived through cannibalism.

By the end of 1941, the possibility of a peace was being thinked.

The US wanted Japan to leave China, while Japan threatened the US to a war. Another surprise attack happened in Pearl Harbour, sinking both war and normal boats.

The US declared war on Japan and joined the Allies (China also joined allies, but did not fought in Europe)

Hitler helped Italy gain territory, but he wanted to take control of the Suez Canal, this would connect him with the Middle Eastern oil, which would be crucial to win the war.

Stalin issued Order 227, forbidding soviets to retreat. Thanks to the unavailability of Germans to resupply, the advance to the Soviet Union was stopped.

He was taken down from the power and encarcelated.

On September 8th, Italy surrenders to the Allies. Hitler freed Mussolini and established the Republic of Salo in northern Italy with Mussolini as figurehead.

An air base was being constructed in the Guadalcanal island. The US knew that if they completed that base,it could become a stronghold.

The war in the seas was no trouble, however, in the land, it was a struggle. Japan retreated in 1943 and the island became known as "the Island of Death"

It seemed that no peace settlement with the Allies was concievable if Tojo was in power, thus, in 1944, he was forced to resign.

Japanese recruited India to his power. The Indian National Army (INA) assisted Japanese military operations in Burma

For their excecution, they were under the presumption of getting to a better settlement, with little to no time between finding out the truth to being killed.

The final solution to the Jewish question was to work them to death, starve them, or exterminating them.

Korematsu sued for being imprisioned for rejecting the order and fighting for his civil rights.

Korean women sued for being used as "comfort women" by the Japanese.

There was no success until 1945 in the Trinity Test in Alamogordo.

A race to take Berlin started. Hitler thought that a win for them could still happen if he managed to divide the allied armies.

As the allies progressed the territories, they were liberating people from the concentration camps. To raise awarness of the camps, British and American reporters toured teh camps

Roosevelt asked for the Soviets to help them in the Pacific War against Japan, which Stalin agreed under the condition of Mongolia's independence, interest in Manchuria's railway and Port Arthur.

Planned the United Nations, a stronger body than the League of Nations.

All occupied nations would be restored; total surrender of nazi germany; division of Germany & Berlin into 3 zones; Germany demilitarization, denazification, and payment of reparations.

It was until May 6th that war had finished in Europe.

After the bombing, soviets broke the nonagression pact with Japan and invaded Manchuko and Korea. Japan finally surrended.

Japan 2.1 mill military, 1 mill civilians.

China about 4 mill military and 16 mill civilian

US 416,000 deaths

British 384 deaths

USSR from 8.8 to 10.7 mill military deaths, and more than 13 mill civilians.

Other millions were forcibly returned "home", hoping to avoid any more racial tensions for the future.

Saved Jewish were relocated in the US or Palestine.

Political prisoners were released and the secret police disbanded.

The imposed Constitution of 1947 has remained virtually unchanged, with a bill of rights to academic freedom, women’s suffrage, the right to choose residence, collective bargaining, and full employment.

Japan could not have an army nor participate in wars in the future.

Germany & Japan actions helped define genocide and crimes against humanity.