garbage in the river/street

light pollution

transport emissions

construction work

Traffic

Fires

Deforestation

Water/river/ocean pollution

Urbanization

Agriculture

Sewers

• fossil fuels

- The extraction of natural gas (Maia)

- the gasoline used in the transportation (cars and others veicules)

• Deforestation

- Paper Factory (Aveiro)

• Construction of buildings, subway lines and etc.

- light pollution

- sound pollution

• Pollution of the Douro River

• The smokers

• Wine production

• Man maid fires.

-Temperature increases

-Precipitation changes : floods and droughts

-Coastal risks

-Forest/ land risks

-Public health

-Socioeconomic impact

-Ecosystem services and natural mitigation

Gonçalo Coelho, Jorge Malaca, Leonor Pimenta, Maria Leonor

Desforestation

Industrial and agricultural activity

Urbanization

Transportation and industry

Fires

River pollution

Group 6- Rita Barbosa, Pedro Figueiredo, William Gonzalez, João Santos

• In alcoholic fermentation, the carbon cycle is manifested by the conversion of glucose into ethanol, when carbon dioxide is released during the decarboxylation of pyruvate by yeast.

• Co2 is essential for the balance of the blood ph

Nuno Lopes, meteorologist at the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere

Professor Guenner, member of the geology department at the University of Porto

Luísa Schmidt – Environmental sociologist, governance and climate policy (ICS-ULisboa).

João Guerra – Researcher in environmental sociology and climate adaptation (ICS-ULisboa).

Carlos Antunes – Coastal climate change, sea level rise, geodesy (University of Lisbon).

Luís Filipe Dias – Climate resilience, eco-hydrology, ecosystem adaptation (CE3C, Lisbon).

Emília Salgueiro – Paleoclimate and marine productivity research (IPMA / CCMAR).

Joana Portugal Pereira – Climate policy modeling, mitigation pathways, IPCC author (IST Lisbon / UFRJ).

Group 4, Ana Júlia, Vicente, Guilherme, Tomás e Henrique.

Climate → It cannot be predicted; it is only characterized over a long period of time (30+ years).

• It is a long-term pattern, for example: the Mediterranean climate (in Portugal).

• It is the combination of several weather conditions (temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind, etc.).

Meteorology → A word that came from Greek; Meteoron means “what is in the air” and logia means “study” or “science.”

• It is the science that studies the atmosphere and predicts the weather in a short period of time.

Global warming – Increase in the Earth’s average temperature due to the excess of greenhouse gases.

Climate change – Long-term changes in climate (temperature, rainfall, extremes), natural or human-induced.

Greenhouse effect – Natural phenomenon in which gases trap heat in the atmosphere; intensified by human activities.

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) – CO₂, CH₄, N₂O and others that warm the planet.

Carbon emissions – Release of CO₂ and other GHGs, mainly from burning fossil fuels.

Carbon footprint – Total emissions linked to a person, product, or organization.

Renewable energy – Clean and inexhaustible sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower.

Fossil fuels – Energy sources formed from the remains of plants and animals over millions of years: coal, oil, and natural gas.

Gonçalo Coelho, Jorge Malaca, Leonor Pimenta, Maria Leonor

• Rising Temperatures

• Sea Level Rise and Coastal Impacts

• More extreme weather

• Harm to wildlife and Ecosystems

• Wildfires and Heatwaves

• Economic and Social Effects

Group 6- Rita Barbosa, William Gonzalez, Pedro Figueiredo, João Santos

• Many animal species are losing habitat due to rising temperatures, drought, and wildfires.

• Fish and marine life along the coast are affected by warmer ocean temperatures and changes in currents.

• Some animals, like certain bird species, are migrating earlier or changing routes because of shifting weather patterns.

• Biodiversity is decreasing in dry inland areas as ecosystems become more fragile.

FLORA

• Drought and heat stress trees and crops, reducing growth and productivity.

• Forest fires destroy vegetation and natural habitats.

• Some native plants are disappearing, while drought-resistant or invasive species are spreading.

• Desertification (land turning dry and less fertile) threatens parts of southern Portugal.

CLIMATE PATTERNS

• Hotter, drier summers and milder, wetter winters are becoming more common.

• Heatwaves are longer and more intense.

• Rainfall is irregular, causing both droughts and sudden floods.

• Sea levels are rising, affecting coastal weather and increasing storm damage.

HUMAN ACTIVITY & LIFESTYLE

• Agriculture (like wine, olive oil, and cereal production) suffers from water shortages and heat stress.

• Tourism patterns are changing — extreme heat and wildfires discourage summer travel.

• Energy demand rises in summer for cooling and decreases in winter for heating.

• Public health is at risk from heat-related illnesses and air pollution from fires.

Group 6- Rita Barbosa, William Gonzalez, Pedro Figueiredo, João Santos

Gold striped salamender – rising temperatures reduce rainfall and humidity, which are essential for these animals.

European beaver – one of the reasons for its extinction was deforestation.

Dolphin – sea pollution.

Wildcat – deforestation and loss of habitat.

Flora

1. Loss of Native species;

2. Spread of Mediterranean Species;

3. More Wildfires;

4. Changes in Growth and Flowering Cycles

Climate Patterns

1. Rising Average Temperature

2. Changes in Rainfall Patterns

3. Impacts on Ecosystems and Agriculture

4. Extreme Weather

Human activity and lifestyle

1. Increase in the frequency of heavy rainfall and floods

2. Loss of biodiversity and impacts on the rural economy

3. Reduced water availability

4. Increase in coastal erosion

Group 4, Ana Júlia, Guilherme, Vicente, Tomás e Henrique.

• Increase in agricultural productivity in colder regions;

• Almost the same wardrobe all year;

• More days of sun, therefore better mood days.

Task 2 - What are some of the effects of climate change?

• Wild fires

• Rise in sea / river level

• Changes in humidity

Task 3 - Effects of climate change in:

• Flora:

• Plant dehydration

• Reduced photosynthesis

• Changes in flowering and fruiting cycles

• Increased CO₂ concentrations

• Fauna:

• Destructing habitats

• Lack of water and food

• Heat wave and wildfires

• Changes in metabolism

• Climate patterns:

• Mild temperatures

• Hight rainfall

• Vegetation

• Disruption of ocean currents

• Human activity:

• Health impacts

• Migration and Exonomy

• Urban and Daily life

• Water resources

Effects of climate change locally

1.     Fauna

• Changes in Species Distribution:

  Some mountain species in northern Portugal face vulnerability due to limited habitat.

• Marine and Freshwater Fauna:

  Northern Portuguese marine ecosystems are experiencing "tropicalisation," where warming seas threaten kelp forests and cold-water species.

• Mammals and Birds:

  Human activities intensified by climate stress cause elevated mortality in wild mammals.

• Ecosystem and Food Web Effects:

  Historical human impact and climate change combined to reduce large herbivores in the region, like wild horses and aurochs.

   2.  Flora

• Changes in plant species distribution:

• Many plants typical of humid climates are retreating to higher or cooler areas, while Mediterranean species (more resistant to heat) are expanding northwards.

• Increased water stress and droughts: Reduced rainfall affects native plants such as oak (Quercus robur).

• Higher risk of wildfires:

  Longer, drier summers make vegetation more flammable, leading to wildfires.

• Shifts in flowering and growth cycles : Plants are blooming and fruiting earlier, which can disrupt interactions with pollinators.

  3. Climate patterns

• Temperature changes:

  A study shows that maximum temperatures have risen at a rate of about +0.057 °C per decade.

• Sea level rise, coastal impacts:

  As Porto is coastal, sea‑level rise poses risks of coastal erosion, flooding of low lying zones.

• Dryer summers:

    A projected decrease in precipitation in summer months, especially under more severe warming scenarios.

• Increasing heat waves, higher temperatures:

  More frequent and intense heatwaves. Urban areas in Porto will face amplified warming due to urban heat island effects.

4. Human activity and lifestyle

• Hotter summers and more heatwaves: effects in health (heat-related illness, especially among the elderly and outdoor workers) and changes in daily routines.

  
  

• Less rainfall and more droughts:

  stressing water supplies and farming.

  
  

• More wildfires:

  damaging forests, homes, and rural livelihoods.

  
  

• Rising sea levels and coastal erosion: threatening beaches and coastal towns.

•wildfires

•Heat waves

•Floods of the Douro river and the atlantic sea.

•Extinction of the Flora and fauna

• Increase of average temperatures

• Increase of heat related illness

• ⁠daily routines effects

• ⁠heat stroke

1. Hotter Summers and Urban Heat

Porto is feeling the heat — literally. Summers are getting hotter and heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense. This puts people’s health at risk, especially the elderly, young children, and anyone with health issues. In the city itself, all the concrete and lack of green spaces make temperatures even worse — a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect. The city is trying to tackle this by adding more trees and shaded areas, but it’s a growing challenge.

2. Droughts and Water Shortages

Longer dry spells and reduced rainfall are making water scarcer across Portugal. Farmers and local ecosystems are already feeling the strain, and in cities like Porto, managing water efficiently is becoming critical. The water supply system is under pressure — from leaks to the need for better water reuse — and ensuring enough clean water during the hot summer months is becoming a real concern.

3. Flooding and Coastal Risks

While droughts are one side of the problem, heavier and more unpredictable rainfalls bring the other: flash floods. Urban areas with lots of pavement and few permeable surfaces are especially vulnerable. Being near the coast, Porto also faces potential threats from rising sea levels and coastal erosion, though the worst of these issues are more serious in areas just outside the city.

4. Wildfires and Rural Decline

Northern and central Portugal have seen a sharp rise in forest fires during hot, dry periods. These fires destroy not just forests and wildlife, but also homes and livelihoods. Smoke from these fires can even reach Porto, affecting air quality in the city. In the countryside, repeated fires and poor land conditions are forcing many families to leave rural areas and move toward urban centers like Porto.

What are some of the effects of climate change in northern of Portugal:

🌦️ Effects on Climate Patterns

1. Increase in Average Temperature

• Projections show a rise in average temperature across the country, with hotter summers. In the inland North, this increase tends to be more pronounced than along the coast.

• More days with high maximum temperatures and tropical nights.

2. Changes in Rainfall Patterns

• There is a trend toward reduced average rainfall during certain seasons, particularly in spring, summer, and autumn.

• However, when rain does occur, it tends to be heavier and more intense, increasing the risk of flash floods and sudden downpours.

3. More Frequent and Severe Droughts

• Higher temperatures and greater evaporation reduce soil moisture, creating conditions for meteorological droughts.

• Water scarcity may affect reservoirs, groundwater, rivers, and agriculture.

4. More Frequent and Intense Extreme Events

• Heatwaves are becoming more frequent and hotter.

• Wildfires are more intense and last longer.

• Flooding and landslides occur more often due to heavy rainfall events.

👩‍🌾 Effects on Human Activity

1. Agriculture and Forestry

• Lower productivity in crops that require a lot of water or are sensitive to heat. Prolonged droughts damage harvests.

• Farmers may need to switch to more drought- and heat-resistant crops, while other species could lose viability.

• Forests face greater stress from drought, pests, and fire risk, with some species losing habitat or retreating to cooler areas.

2. Water Resources

• More difficulty ensuring a continuous supply of drinking and irrigation water, especially in dry months.

• Reservoirs may drop to low levels, leading to conflicts between agricultural, urban, and ecological water uses.

3. Human Health

• Increased mortality and illness due to heatwaves.

• Higher risk of waterborne and vector-borne diseases (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks) as warmer conditions expand their range.

• Air quality may worsen during heat or pollution episodes.

4. Infrastructure and Land Use

• Infrastructure (roads, drainage, sewage systems, buildings) is more exposed to extreme events such as floods and landslides.

• Coastal urban areas face risks of erosion and flooding, requiring adaptation measures like coastal defenses and stricter land-use planning.

3. Specific Examples from Northern Portugal / Between Douro and Minho

• In the Entre Douro e Minho region, seasonal rainfall patterns are already changing — rain events are more intense but less frequent, and summers are drier.

• The region faces more frequent heatwaves and longer dry periods, affecting local farming and water availability.

• Coastal erosion is visible along the northern Atlantic coast, worsened by sea-level rise and storm surges.

Fauna🪶

The rise in average temperature, changes in rainfall patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme events have direct impacts on fauna in northern Portugal.

3.1 Habitat Loss

• Species such as the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus), the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and the wild boar (Sus scrofa) need extensive forest and wetland areas to survive.

• Urbanization, wildfires, and ecosystem changes reduce these habitats.

3.2 Changes in Food Availability

• Water scarcity and impacts on plants affect the food chain.

• For example, the reduction of insects due to drought decreases food for birds and amphibians.

3.3 Changes in Behaviour and Migration Patterns

• Migratory birds such as the Carrion Crow (Corvus corone) change their migration timing and routes due to seasonal shifts.

• Some species extend their breeding period or change territories in response to climate changes.

3.4 Increase in Diseases and Invasive Species

• Warmer temperatures favour parasites and diseases, affecting wild and domestic animals.

• Species from warmer climates, such as certain reptiles and insects, begin to colonize northern Portugal.

3.5 Concrete Examples

• In the Peneda-Gerês National Park, studies show a reduction in amphibians such as the marbled newt due to reduced humidity and decreased small streams.

• Fish such as the brown trout and the Atlantic salmon are increasingly vulnerable to changes in river water temperature in the Minho, Lima, and Cávado rivers.

⸻

🌱 4. Impacts on Plant Species (Flora)

The vegetation of northern Portugal is also undergoing deep changes.

4.1 Changes in Species Distribution

• Trees typical of humid climates, such as the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) and the chestnut tree (Castanea sativa), retreat in favour of more drought-resistant species like the cork oak (Quercus suber).

4.2 Drought and Changes in Growth Cycles

• More frequent droughts make forest regeneration difficult.

• Many plants alter their flowering and fruiting cycles, affecting pollinators and dependent species.

4.3 Wildfires

• Increased frequency and intensity of wildfires destroy large forest areas and alter soil, making natural recovery difficult.

• Fire causes biodiversity loss and reduces forests’ carbon storage capacity.

4.4 Ecological Impacts

• Loss of plant species directly affects the animals that depend on them.

• Soil loses nutrients and water retention capacity, increasing erosion and degrading ecosystems.

4.5 Concrete Examples

• In Trás-os-Montes and Peneda-Gerês National Park, there is a gradual replacement of oak and chestnut forests with shrubs and bush species resistant to heat.

• Endemic plants and those from humid areas are declining due to rising temperatures and reduced rainfall.

Search for a new climate change effect not mentioned before:

🔥 Wildfires in Portugal

* A recurring and serious problem in Portugal for decades, particularly in the northern and central regions. Hot, dry summers combined with strong winds create ideal conditions for fires to spread rapidly.

* Human activities, such as agricultural burning, negligence with campfires, and improper waste disposal, also contribute significantly to their occurrence.

* Poor forest management, including the lack of cleared vegetation and insufficient firebreaks, increases the risk and severity of wildfires.

- Environmentally, these fires cause severe damages, e.g., destroying forests, reducing biodiversity, and increasing soil erosion. Smoke and particulate matter negatively affect air quality, posing health risks to both humans and animals.

- Socially, wildfires threaten homes and communities, forcing evacuations and sometimes resulting in casualties.

- Economically, they damage agriculture, tourism, and infrastructure, costing millions of euros every year.

Some of the most catastrophic wildfires in Portugal’s history occurred in 2003, 2017, and 2022, destroying thousands of hectares of land and highlighting the increasing impact of climate change. Rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, and more frequent heatwaves are expected to make wildfires even more intense and common in the coming years.

Climate-ADAPT, City of Porto (Portugal) — Porto’s local adaptation and climate plans

https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/pt/mission/knowledge-and-data/signatory-reporting/46514 

2. Report on Adaptation (Art. 19) — Portugal, 2023 — National climate change adaptation planning and strategies

https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_Clima/Report_on_Adaptation_Art_19_Portugal_31_05_2023.pdf 

3. Local Climate Change Adaptation under the Lenses of Public Health: Case Study — Porto by José Pedro Silva et al. (2024)

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A1984481/FULLTEXT01.pdf 

and its PubMed record: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40607201/ 

4. Portugal’s Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC — national plans, vulnerability, strategies

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2021%20Portugal%20ADCOM_UNFCCC.pdf 

5. Climate Change in the Porto Region (Northern Portugal): A 148 Years Study — long-term temperature & precipitation trends

https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/13/9/175 

6. Climate-Change Adaptation Framework for Multiple Urban Areas in Northern Portugal (Coelho et al., 2020) — framework for adaptation in northern Portuguese cities

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342133001_Climate-Change_Adaptation_Framework_for_Multiple_Urban_Areas_in_Northern_Portugal 

7. Lopes, H. S. et al. “The Use of Collaborative Practices for Climate Change Adaptation in the Tourism Sector …” (Applied Sciences, 2022) — adaptation in the Porto Metropolitan Area / tourism sector

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/12/5835 

8. Adaptation preparedness scoreboard / EU Climate Action — Portugal country fiche — shows national adaptation preparedness, goals, etc.

https://climate.ec.europa.eu/document/download/bc5d55e7-910c-4809-ba88-58ccf7d95dd2_en?filename=country_fiche_pt_en.pdf 

https://noticias.up.pt/2025/09/12/florestas-marinhas-no-norte-de-portugal-ajudam-a-combater-mudancas-climaticas/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

https://www.ccdr-n.pt/storage/app/media/2025/Plano_Acao_Natureza_norte2030.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com

https://quercus.pt/2021/03/alteracoes-climaticas-e-perda-de-biodiversidade-portugal-sera-um-dos-paises-da-europa-mais-afectados/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

https://www.dnoticias.pt/2021/8/28/274670-aquecimento-global-muda-vida-e-habitos-de-plantas-e-animais/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/3c166ea63eb35d66?utm_source=chatgpt.com

https://apnews.com/article/spain-portugal-europe-wildfires-climate-change-7261b0805495f0a1b75ab55ee799076d?

https://www.developmentaid.org/news-stream/post/199954/wildfires-took-a-toll-on-portugal-how-do-we-prevent-this-from-repeating-in-2026?

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/2/360

https://www.sulinformacao.pt/en/2024/03/portugal-deve-preparar-se-para-mais-e-piores-fenomenos-extremos-do-tempo/

https://share.google/images/rgVpATJoWqirt9JcT

https://a-z-animals.com/animals/location/europe/portugal/

https://pin.it/3EwwRoOtT

https://pin.it/7y2JJ7joz

https://pin.it/78vKmWTdw

Task 1

• Rising temperatures and extreme heats

• Changes in precipitation

• Impact on water reserves

• High risk of wildfires

• Rising of the sea levels

• Lost of biodiversity

Task 3

Flora

• Temperature changes

• Altered growing seasons

• Droughts and irregular rainfall

• Invasive species

Fauna

• Habitat loss

• Migration changes

• Food chain disruptions

• Risk of extinction

Climate Patterns

• More extreme weather

• Shifts in rainfall

• Melting ice and rising seas

• Ocean acidification

Human Activity and Lifestyle

Declines in:

• Agriculture

• Health

• Migration

• Economy

• Daily lifestyle

Task 4

Fauna

• Lost of habitat

• Migration of some species (for example swallows)

• Increase in invasive species

• Decrease in marine species

Flora

• Prolonged droughts

• Disproportional species distribution

• Higher wildfires risk

• Changes in growth cycle

Climate Patterns

• Increase in temperatures

• More intense in winter storms

• Unstable weather

• Rising sea levels Lost

Human activity and Lifestyle

• Health impacts

• Infrastructure damage

• Impacts in tourism, for exemple because of the extremely hot summers tourism can reduce

• Decrease in agriculture and water

Gonçalo Coelho, Jorge, Leonor Pimenta, Maria Leonor

• Causes

- burning of fossil fuels

- overproduction of goods

- Industry (construction, fashion, paper, automotive, etc…)

- Urbanisation

- non-sustainable agriculture

- exploration of animal farms

- Deforestation

• Effects

- wildfires

- iceberg melting

- heatwaves

- the rising of temperatures

-increase of sea levels

- greenhouse effect

- destruction of the ozone layer

- flooding

- drought

- heat related illness

- increase of social instability

THE ONGOING SITUATION OF THE PARIS TREATY IN THE USA

Effects

More wildfires

Rising average temperature

Impacts on ecosystems

Extreme weather

Reduced water availability

Rising sea levels

Impacts on food

Health impacts

Causes

Wildfires

Deforestation

Water pollution

Urbanization

Burning of fossil fuels

Transportation

Natural causes

What is at stake if we don’t act?

1. Short term

Extreme heat waves and wildfires

Water and food crises

More violent weather events

Rising sea levels

Climate refugees

2. Medium term

Global temperature rise of 2°C to 4°C

Ecosystem collapse

Economic crises

Increased conflicts

Higher mortality rates

3. Long term

Irreversible climate change

Sea level rise by several meters

Ocean current disruptions

Redefinition of human geography

If the Earth’s temperature rises by 2 or 3 degrees, the whole planet will face very dangerous consequences.

The polar ice caps will melt much faster, causing the sea level to rise and flooding coastal cities like New York, Rio de Janeiro, and Shanghai.

There will be more extreme weather — stronger hurricanes, storms, and heat waves — and longer droughts in dry areas like Africa and the Middle East.

Many forests, such as the Amazon Rainforest, could be destroyed by fires, which would release even more carbon dioxide.

Animals like polar bears, tigers, and coral reef species may lose their habitats and even disappear.

People around the world could suffer from lack of food and clean water, and millions may become climate refugees, forced to leave their homes.

In short, a temperature rise of just a few degrees could completely change life on Earth and make it much harder for humans and nature to survive.

What is at stake if we don’t act?

The Critical Risk of Climate Inaction

If we continue to ignore climate change, we risk pushing our planet beyond the point of recovery, where the damage becomes irreversible.

Rising global temperatures are leading to more severe storms, the faster melting of ice caps, and significantly higher sea levels, all of which threaten communities worldwide.

The consequences directly impact life on Earth:

Farmers will struggle to grow food as droughts become more frequent.

Devastating floods and fierce wildfires will destroy homes and wildlife habitats.

Millions of people could lose their livelihoods.

Human health is also on the line, with more people facing heat-related illnesses and the easier spread of diseases.

Many species of plants and animals might disappear forever.

The longer we delay action, the worse it will get for everyone, making the necessary solutions harder and more costly to implement.

What are the causes and effects of climate change on planet earth?

Main Causes of Climate Change Around the World (Outside Europe)

1. Burning of Fossil Fuels

• Regions: North America, Asia, the Middle East

• Explanation: The largest source of greenhouse gases comes from the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas to produce electricity, fuel vehicles, and power industries.

• When these fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) into the atmosphere.

• Countries like the United States, China, and India are among the biggest emitters due to their high energy demands.

⸻

2. Industrial Growth and Manufacturing

• Regions: China, India, Southeast Asia

• Explanation: Rapid industrialization in developing countries has led to a dramatic increase in factory emissions, energy use, and chemical pollution.

• Heavy industries such as steel, cement, and chemical production release large amounts of CO₂ and other gases.

• In Asia, especially China and India, coal-powered plants are a major contributor.

⸻

3. Deforestation

• Regions: South America (Amazon Rainforest), Central Africa, Southeast Asia

• Explanation: Forests act as carbon sinks — they absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere.

• When forests are cut down or burned to make space for agriculture or mining, the stored carbon is released back into the air.

• The Amazon rainforest in Brazil, for example, is being cleared mainly for cattle farming and soybean production, which accelerates global warming.

⸻

4. Agriculture and Livestock Farming

• Regions: South America, North America, Australia

• Explanation: Modern farming contributes to climate change through:

• Methane (CH₄) emissions from cows, sheep, and goats (especially in countries like Brazil and the U.S.).

• Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from chemical fertilizers.

• Land conversion for agriculture, which destroys natural ecosystems.

• These gases are much stronger than CO₂ at trapping heat in the atmosphere.

⸻

5. Urbanization and Land Use Changes

• Regions: Africa, Asia, Latin America

• Explanation: Rapid urban growth leads to the destruction of green areas and increased energy consumption.

• Cities become “heat islands” because concrete and asphalt absorb heat.

• More vehicles and air conditioning increase CO₂ emissions.

• Developing cities often lack environmental regulations, which makes pollution worse.

⸻

6. Transportation (Air and Sea)

• Regions: Global (especially trade routes between Asia, America, and Africa)

• Explanation: The global transport network — planes, ships, and trucks — relies heavily on fossil fuels.

• Aviation produces large amounts of CO₂ at high altitudes.

• International shipping, powered mostly by heavy oil, emits carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides.

⸻

7. Waste Management and Pollution

• Regions: Developing countries in Asia, Africa, and South America

• Explanation: In many parts of the world, waste is burned in open air or dumped in landfills, releasing methane and toxic gases.

• Poor recycling systems and overconsumption increase waste production, worsening greenhouse gas emissions.

Effects of Climate Change Around the World (Outside Europe)

Americas (North, Central, and South)

• More frequent and intense wildfires (USA, Canada, Amazon, Chile).

• Prolonged droughts in Mexico and northeastern Brazil, affecting agriculture and water supply.

• Melting glaciers in the Andes (Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina), reducing water availability.

• Extreme rainfall and flooding in several regions, such as Colombia and southern Brazil.

• Rising sea levels threatening coastal cities like Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Miami.

Africa

• Desertification and severe droughts in the Sahel and northern regions (Niger, Chad, Sudan).

• Crop loss and hunger in areas dependent on subsistence farming.

• More heatwaves and increased spread of mosquito-borne diseases (like malaria).

• More intense floods and cyclones in countries such as Mozambique, Madagascar, and Nigeria.

• Shrinking water sources (like Lake Chad), causing population displacement.

Asia

• Melting Himalayan glaciers affecting major rivers (Ganges, Indus, Mekong).

• Irregular monsoons and heavy rainfall in South and Southeast Asia (India, Bangladesh, Philippines).

• Extreme heatwaves in India, Pakistan, and China.

• Rising sea levels threatening islands and deltas (like the Mekong Delta and the Maldives).

• Stronger cyclones and typhoons hitting Japan, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia.

Oceania

• Coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) due to ocean warming.

• Frequent droughts and wildfires in Australia.

• Submersion of islands and land loss in countries like Tuvalu and Kiribati (Pacific Islands).

• Water scarcity leading to climate migration.

Antarctica and the Arctic

• Accelerated ice melt, contributing to rising sea levels.

• Loss of habitat for species such as polar bears and penguins.

• Changes in ocean currents and global weather patterns.

Causes

• Burning fossil fuels

• Deforestation

• Agriculture

• Industrial processes

• Waste

• Volcanic eruptions

• Solar variations

• Ocean Currents

Effects

• Rising temperatures

• Melting ice

• Sea level rise

• Extreme weather

• Ocean changes

• Biodiversity loss

• Health impacts

• Economic effects

• Human displacement

What is at stake if we don’t act?

Short term:

• More extreme weather

• Food and water problems

• Health risks

• Loss of nature and wildfire

• Human displacement

Medium term

• Rising global temperatures (2–3°C)

• Severe sea-level rise

• Permanent ecosystem damage

• Global food and water storages

• Economic and social instability

Long term:

• Drastic temperature increases (3–5°C)

• Massive sea-level rise

• Collapse of ecosystems

• Loss of fresh water and agriculture

• Human crises

• Irreversible Changes

Group 6- Rita Barbosa, Pedro Figueiredo, William Gonzalez e João Santos

Causes

• Green house emissions

• Pollution

• Deforestation

• Increase on factory activities

• Increase on construction

• Intensive agriculture

• Non recycling

Effects:

• Glaciar Melting

• Rinsing of the Sea Levels

• Increase on Wildfires

• Green House Effect

• Global Warming

• Climate Change

• Bad Effect in Human Health

• Pulmonar Diseases

What is a stake if we dont act on climate change?

• Rising Global Temperatures

• Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels

• Stronger and More Frequent Disasters

• Threats to Food and Water

• Biodiversity Loss

• Health Impacts

• Economic and Social Costs

What Will happen if temperature rise 2 or 3 degrees celsius?

• Unlivable Regions

• Massive Sea Level Rise

• Severe Weather

• Food Crises

• Ecosystem Collapse

Virtual interaction

Presentation of the students from Portugal and Turkey and of the teachers from Portugal and from Romania

Turkey causes and effects:

• Industry emissions - release of CO2 and other toxic gases

• Wildfires

• Deforestation

• A lot of hot days throughout the year

Romania causes and effects:

• Flooding

• Increase on wind and frequent storms

• Couldn't take daily walks so it cause the increase of the use of public transport

Leonor Pimenta, Maria Leonor, Gonçalo Coelho, Jorge

We concluded that we have a lot of causes and effects that are common between all of the three countries. Examples of that are: industry emissions; transports (traffic); wildfires; hotter days; flooding; water pollution; droughts;

Our class will create a Climate Action Box to promote an awareness campaign.
We’re planning to organize gamified activities, such as Q&A sessions with prizes and interactive quizzes in the hallways or at the school’s main entrance, led by the Eco-School community and our classmates.

We’ll also produce videos to be shown in classrooms by teachers or students. These videos can also be displayed on the LCD TVs around the school or shared on social media by Mr. Abílio Silva.

This project is being developed in Week 5 and will be implemented in Week 6.

To carry out this project, we will need our smartphones, stationery (paper, scissors, pens, coloured pencils, glue, etc.), some cardboard boxes, and, of course, the prizes.

• A complex whole of beliefs, art, morals, customs, and habits shared by a community

How?

• Learning through interaction

• Sharing and transmitting through generations

Who?

• Students and teachers

• Individuals and groups

• Society as a whole

What?

•Climate action box

•Promoting an awareness campaign

How?

•Gamified activities:

•Q/A with a price

•Kahoot

•Video to be shown

Where?

•Hallways

•School main entrance

•In the classrooms

•LCD TV screens

•School social media and website

Who?

•Students of class 11TH D

•Eco school community

•Students and teachers

•Teachers

•School

•Vice-principal Mr Francisco Veiga

•Mr Abílio Silva

When?

•Preparation time:

•week 5

•Implemention:

week 6

Material and resources:

•Smartphone

•Stationery (paper, scissors, pen)

•Card box

•Prize

Causes

• Burning fossil fuels

• Deforestation

• Agriculture

• Industrial processes

• Waste

• Natural causes

Effects

• Rising temperatures

• Melting Ice

• Sea level rise

• Extreme weather

• Health impacts

• Ocean changes

What’s at Stake in the Short Term

• More extreme weather

• Food and water problems

• Healthy risks

• Economic damage

• Loss of nature and wildfire

• Human displacement

What’s at Stake in the Medium Term

• Rising global temperatures(2–3°C)

• Severe sea-level rise

• Permanent Ecosystem Damage

• Good food and water shortages

• Worsening health and inequality

• Economic and social instability

What’s at Stake in the Long Term

• Drastic temperature increases (3–5°C)

• Massive sea-level rise

• Collapse of ecosystem

• Loss of fresh water and agriculture

• Human crises

• Irreversible changes

Conclusions of the virtual interaction

We concluded that the three countries share many common causes and effects of climate change. Examples include industrial emissions, transportation-related pollution, wildfires, rising temperatures, flooding, water contamination, and droughts.

Group 6: Rita Barbosa, Pedro Figueiredo, João Santos e William Gonzalez

Global Problem: Loss of Animal Habitat

Climate change is changing the planet’s ecosystems, causing many animals to lose their natural habitats, the places where they live, hunt, and reproduce.

Why is this happening?

• Global warming melts the Arctic ice, destroying the homes of polar bears and seals.

• Wildfires become more and more frequent, burning forests and killing wildlife.

• Droughts and desertification remove water sources and vegetation in regions of Africa and South America.

• Rising sea levels flood coastal areas and mangroves where birds and fish live.

Consequences:

Thousands of species are now endangered or going extinct, breaking the natural balance of ecosystems around the world.

⸻

Solution: Protecting and restoring Ecosystems

The best way to fight the loss of animal habitats is to protect and restore natural environments.

How to do this:

1. Create and protect natural areas:

Establish ecological reserves and national parks where animals can live safely.

→ Example: Protection projects in the Amazon rainforest and the Arctic region.

2. Reforestation:

Plant trees in destroyed areas to restore forests and give animals their habitats back.

3. Reduce global warming:

Cut greenhouse gas emissions to slow down climate change that destroys ecosystems.

4. Education and environmental laws:

Enforce strict laws against deforestation and illegal hunting, and promote environmental education.

An idea and how to make it come true!

* Conscious Energy and Consumption: Adopt LED bulbs and turn off or unplug electronic devices when not in use (avoiding 'phantom' energy consumption). When purchasing, prioritize energy efficiency (Procel Seal/Energy Star equivalent). Practice the 3 R's (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), buying less, repairing damaged items, and preventing material waste.

* Sustainable Diet: Reduce red meat consumption and eliminate food waste (compost scraps, if possible). Give preference to local and seasonal products and producers to decrease transport-related emissions.

* Green Mobility: Whenever possible, use low-carbon transportation: walk, cycle, or take public transport. If driving is necessary, offer or request carpools.

* Civic Influence: Use your vote to support leaders with serious climate commitments. Pressure companies and local authorities for more sustainable practices.

https://www.canva.com/design/DAG3oGe_Zac/lMYzdVALceQQhyfSJoeQWA/edit?utm_content=DAG3oGe_Zac&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton