Genetically modified foods/ transgenic crops by Tamara Giaquinto https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16 Molecular Genetics en-us 2020-04-16 03:59:45 UTC 2026-03-19 23:30:13 UTC hello@padlet.com Genetically modified foods tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509828025 Genetically modified food is food produced from plants or animals whose DNA has been altered through genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating an organism’s genes directly. For example, transplanting DNA from other organisms. Genetically modified foods have been on the US market since 1994. (Plumer, 2015)

]]> 2020-04-16 03:56:23 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509828025 Transgenic crops tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509828905 Most transgenic crops are created to make plants resistant to different herbicides or insects. Others are engineered to become more resistant to disease and drought. Still, other transgenic crops are designed to have more nutrients or fewer toxins. Transgenic crops are highly regulated. In the United States, before a crop is allowed to go to the marketplace, the EPA, FDA, and USDA all provide oversight. (Clark, 2016)

]]> 2020-04-16 03:57:18 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509828905 Are they the same? tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509829284 Transgenics is the brand of biology that’s concerned with transgenic organisms. Transgenic engineering refers to the movement or insertion of a gene into an organism that normally does not have a copy of that gene, unlike genetic engineering which only increases, decreases or removes a gene that is already present in the organism. Transgenic engineering can be either natural or induced. (Hannah, 2016) In conclusion, they are very similar, and one could say they are almost exactly the same process. 

]]> 2020-04-16 03:57:43 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509829284 Example of genetic modification tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509836790 There are many different examples as this technique is very popular and used by many people - mainly farmers. One example is the organism corn. In order for corn to have the genetic conferred trait of being insect resisted, there has to be a genetic change in the organism. In this example, it is done through the expression of insecticidal protein Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis. ( Phillips 2008) By doing this to the organism, they will not be eaten by insects that tend to kill the crop. ]]> 2020-04-16 04:05:12 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509836790 tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509843272 2020-04-16 04:12:41 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509843272 tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509844386 2020-04-16 04:13:50 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509844386 Here is a video that explains genetically modified foods; cisgenic vs transgenic tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509858891 2020-04-16 04:30:55 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509858891 tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509874895 2020-04-16 04:50:01 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509874895 What is the done to the DNA and how is it involved tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509876828 The first stage in making a GM plant requires transfer of DNA into a plant cell. There are only two methods in order to transfer the DNA. One of the methods is to coat the surface of small metal particles with the relevant DNA fragment, and bombard the particles into the plant cells. The other method is to use a bacterium or virus. For GM plants, the bacterium most frequently used is called Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The gene of interest is transferred into the bacterium and the bacterial cells then transfer the new DNA to the genome of the plant cells. The plant cells that have successfully taken up the DNA are then grown to create a new plant. This is possible because individual plant cells have an impressive capacity to generate entire plants. (Royal Society, 2016)

]]> 2020-04-16 04:52:26 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/509876828 Advantages of this technology tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512026322 1.  Faster growing plants for our rapidly increasing population
2.  Less use of pesticides
3. Tastier food
4. More nutritious food
5. Increased supply of food with reduced costs and longer shelf life
6. Require fewer environmental resources due to more disease and drought resistant plants


]]> 2020-04-17 03:32:35 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512026322 Disadvantages of this technology tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512029580 (Since genetically modified foods are relatively still a new process the long term disadvantages are not yet discovered)
1. More likely to trigger allergic reactions
2. Can contribute to developing cancer
3. Not totally safe to eat - it is proven that they may cause diseases and even death. Example -butterflies and mice cannot survive with these foods at all. (C onnectus, 2018)
4. It could affect the way people are able to defend illness - make them resistant to antibiotics
5.  Lower the level of biodiversity due to when removing a certain pest that is harmful to crops, we could also be removing a food source for a certain species. ]]> 2020-04-17 03:36:03 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512029580 My opinion on this topic tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512046530 I am for using genetically modified foods/ transgenic crops. Yes, I am aware that there are some concerns but they are not all proven true - some are assumptions and predictions. Since this technology is relatively new, there will be concerns. This practice has been happening for thousands of years naturally already, and I think with the use of technology, there can be some really useful and productive plants that will be developed. The world wants to make everything as efficient as possible, so why wouldn't we do the same with food? If we have the choice to make food grow faster, taste better, repel insects and diseases, grow bigger, why wouldn't we? I also think we should do this due to the population just getting bigger and bigger - this results in the demand of food increasing. Having GM plants, will help farmers be able to have a higher production of crops that will be able to feed more people. As we know, the global warming due to the production of green house gases has been a rising concern in society today. Due to GM plants requiring less time, chemicals, labor, tools- this will also help with limiting green house gas emissions, soil erosion, and environmental pollution. Also, since plants are able to be grown in larger areas and places that were not able to accommodate crops before, there will be more oxygen produced. (Connectus, 2018) A really amazing thing that GM crops can do is create more nutritious foods in terms of vitamins and minerals. This helps people get the nutrients they need and at the same time can help third-world countries with malnutrition. Imagine, just a little change in the DNA in a food, can help millions of people to get the nutrients that will help them live a full life! Not only that, since there will be more crops produced, the price of food will go down making it more affordable for people to buy. Lastly, using genetically modified foods, can lead to so many new foods being made that we would never have experienced, or, we would have to wait thousands of years to let the process happen naturally. Plants are now being able to be grown in climates and soils that have never been able to before and I am so interested in seeing what scientists can create with this technology!]]> 2020-04-17 03:56:37 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512046530 This article has a lot about the advantages and disadvantages tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512064001 (explains in detail)]]> 2020-04-17 04:19:02 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512064001 This is a really long video, but what he says is really interesting and he talks about what people see vs don't see about GM plants. This may change your opinion if you are for or against this technology. tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512065251 2020-04-17 04:20:43 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512065251 tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512067928 2020-04-17 04:24:14 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512067928 tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512068264 2020-04-17 04:24:46 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512068264 tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512068689 2020-04-17 04:25:22 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512068689 Interesting data about GMO crops tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512069148 2020-04-17 04:26:02 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512069148 Canada's regulations on GM food tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512074154 2020-04-17 04:33:09 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512074154 Canada regulations tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512075416 "We do not allow the sale of genetically modified (GM) foods in Canada unless Health Canada's scientists are satisfied that they are safe and nutritious" (Gov of Canada, 2020)
There are a lot of rules and regulations in Canada about the use of genetically modified crops. To be able to be used, a manufacturer has to submit information to Health Canada, and is revised by, Codex Alimentarius Commission, World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health Canada says they have been assessing GM foods for more than 20 years and over 140 GM foods have been permitted for sale. If new information information arises they will review the data carefully and take appropriate action if needed. Health Canada says that "there is no current evidence to indicate that long-term studies are needed to ensure the safety of foods produced using this technology". (Gov of Canada, 2020)]]> 2020-04-17 04:35:03 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512075416 United States regulation on GM food tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512102577 2020-04-17 05:14:51 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512102577 United States regulations tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512110231 As Canada, there are a lot of rules and regulations about regarding the use of genetically modified crops. The regulation of crops are divided into three regulatory agencies, the Environmental Projection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA). The EPA regulates bio pesticides and makes sure the toxins are safe for the environment. The FDA regulates the safety of the crop eaten by humans or animals. (FAS, 2011)]]> 2020-04-17 05:25:57 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512110231 Similarities and differences tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512115478 Canada and the United States both have a lot of regulations about GM crops, but have different processes as explained in the paragraphs above. They both have labeling that is required but was decided in different years. Canada demanded that all GM crops should be labelled in 2004. In the United States, there is a federal law that regulates GMO food labeling. It was enacted on July 29, 2016 when President Obama signed then Senate Bill 764. ]]> 2020-04-17 05:33:32 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512115478 History of GM foods tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512124357 In the early 1970s, researchers discovered methods of transferring antibiotic-resistant genes from one type of bacteria to another. In the early 1990s, Calgene, Inc. developed the world's first genetically modified food which was a strain of tomato they named Flavr Savr, engineered to surpes the polygalacturonase gene to impede the vegetable's softening process after ripening. In 1998, after a U.K scientist Arpad Pusztai challenged the safety of GM foods on a British TV program, Flavr Savr tomato product sales plummeted and then went off the market by 1999. 
In the 1990s, Hawaii's rainbow papaya production fell 40% due to a virus and GM saved the papaya. The market fell due to the negative perception of GM foods- Hawaii papaya sales to Japan were $15 million in 1996 and dramatically dropped to $1 million in 2010.
Due to the Flavr Savr tomato in the early 1990s, genetically modified foods have now been altered to be considered "safe" and we are able to use this technique on many other foods. The company started a huge science business that will benefit the world in many ways- and it is just the beginning. 
Since then, Gm products like corn, soy, and cottonseed oil have become major commodities.
Now, 90% of the worlds GM crops are now grown in the U.S, Brazil, Argentina, India, and Canada. (Diehl, 2019)]]> 2020-04-17 05:46:17 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512124357 tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512134424 2020-04-17 05:59:39 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512134424 Arpad Pussztai tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512135061 2020-04-17 06:00:29 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512135061 tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512135684 2020-04-17 06:01:18 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512135684 APA citations tamaragia22 https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512140114 (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-and-732/
Canada, H. (2020, February 18). Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/genetically-modified-foods-other-novel-foods/labelling.html
Diehl, P. (2019, November 23). Genetically Modified Food Timeline and How We Got Here. Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/genetically-modified-food-how-did-we-get-here-375719
Plumer, B. (2015, July 22). What is genetically modified food? Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/2014/11/3/18092700/what-is-genetically-modified-food
Transgenic Crop. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/transgenic-crop
What are GM crops and how is it done?: Royal Society. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/gm-plants/what-is-gm-and-how-is-it-done/
What is the difference between Transgenic and Genetically Modified? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://gmoanswers.com/ask/what-difference-between-transgenic-and-genetically-modified
]]> 2020-04-17 06:06:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tamaragia22/ex3x954fet8cxi16/wish/512140114