Overview: Nationalism became a way to bring people together based on culture, history, and self-determination. The Industrial Revolution changed society with new technology, mass production, and urbanization. The Napoleonic wars also spread nationalist ideas, but the congress of Vienna tried to stop them.

Cause: The cause of nationalism brought Germany and Italy together to create nation-states

Effect: This led to the decrease in several empires and led to the outbreak of WWI

Overview: Revolutions where not fully successful around this time since lots of new empires had internal problems. While they spread across Europe and America, The Congress of Vienna became a way to create a ruling class to keep control.

Cause: Many places wanted independence and democracy inspired by ideas from the revolution.

Effect: Some revolutions were successful, but they all helped decrease several empires and increase nationalism.

Definition: A far-right, authoritarian political ideology where most of the country’s owner is held by one ruler or small group, under one party.

Example: The first movements of fascism came from Italy during WWI before spreading to more European countries like Germany.

Overview: Globalization allowed markets to be created for industrial products which ended up creating more factories and increasing production. New power sources like electricity and oil improved how production worked and transportation necessary for it.

Cause: Competition and the need for profit ended up decreasing spending and how productions worked.

Effect: Urbanization and city population increased with people moving for jobs.

Overview: The textile industry changed homemade goods to being made by a machine which led to factory increase. The creation of steam power, coal mining, and railroads also improved transportation and trade.

Cause: Mining and steam power allowed factories to create goods faster and more efficiently

Effect: Capitalist economies grew as production increased money and trade.

Definition: A desire for wealth and material possessions with little interest in ethical or spiritual matters.

Example: As the Industrial Revolution happened and production increased, the need for materialism raised in people since factory jobs offered more money.

Overview: Powerful countries that were mainly in Europe took control of weaker areas like Africa and Asia. They wanted more land, resources, power, and forced their culture and government on them. Problems increased, as well as resistance and long term effects on other regions.

Cause: European areas wanted to grow their economy more, which led them to take over weaker countries.

Effect: Many countries that were taken over suffered from loss of culture and political and economic problems.

Overview: When westerners started to put unrest on the Qing dynasty, a violent response against them just led to military force intervening. Sun Yat-sen then organized a nationalist movement to help the Qing dynasty, and his followers soon launched an uprising to end the Chinese monarchy a year later.

Cause: Pressure from the west weakened Qing dynasty as well as the Tai Ping Rebellion.

Effect: A nationalist movement was created to help the Qing dynasty.

Definition: A theory that all people and groups are subject to the Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Example: In the late 19th century, Social Darwinism was used to justify imperialism, racism, and prevent intervention.