Type of wings : one pair of functional, membranous wings, which are attached to a complex mesothorax. One pair of wings (forewings) Hindwings reduced to club-like halteres

Type of mouthparts : Mouthparts are modified and combined into a sucking proboscis, which is highly variable in structure (pierce & suck - mosquitoes, sponging - flies)

Other characteristics : . A large and moveable head. Compound eyes that are often very large.

Carnivores : yes (Robber flies, hover flies - larvae)

Pests : Mosquitoes are blood-sucking insects that transmit organisms causing human diseases as malaria, filariasis, encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue, among others.

fruits and vegetable flies

Fly

MUHAMMAD AKMAL ADLAN BIN MOHD RIZAL

IMRAN HARITH BIN ROSLAN

NORMAISARAH

NUR AMIRAH

MUHAMAD FAIZ BIN NOROZMAN

MUHAMMAD IRSYAMUDDIN ZIQRY BIN ZULKIFLY

Muhamad Adib

Syahmi

FAREESHA IRDIEYNNA

FATIN ALEESYA

ZULKARNAIN HAMZAH

MOHAMMAD ZAEM ADLAN

INSYIRAH

Type of wings : elytra/elytron

Type of mouthparts : biting & chewing

Other characters : chemical defenses

Wings : Tegmina(modified front wings) and membranous wing

Mouthparts : bite and chew

Others :

• Large compound eyes

• Long,flexible antennae

• Flat and low-lying body

• Oval shaped body

NUR ANIS SHAFILA BINTI ISMAIL

Carnivores : no

Omnivores : yes (cockroaches)

Pests : resevoir for range of bacteria (cockroaches), cause asthma from the wood dust (termites)

Carnivores : yes (ground beetle, ladybugs)

They prefer dark, moist sites in kitchens, bathrooms, basements and crawl space.

They incomplete.

1) Can be pollinators

2) Can serve as indicators of environment health

3) Contribute to decomposition process by feeding on dead organic matter

Pests :

1) Causing significant damage to plants

2) Can be destructive to forest by attacking and infesting trees

3) Can be harmful to humans directly or indirectly

Carnivores : yes

Type of wings : Membranous

Type of mouth parts : Possess piercing-sucking

Other characteristics :

• Often have elaborate pronotums

• All males apparently produce sound

Type of wings: wingless & winged (certain species) Membranous wings & hamuli

Type of mouthparts: Biting & Chewing (ants), Biting and sucking (bees)

Other characters: Narrow waist (petiole), narrow junction between thorax & abdomen.

Carnivores: Yes

Carnivores : no

Carnivores : NO

Carnivores: yes (wasps, hornets, yellow jackets)

Scavengers : ants

1. Pollination: Some species of Auchenorrhyncha are important pollinators for various plants.

2. Food Source: They serve as food for many predators, including birds, spiders, and other insects.

3. Decomposition: Their excrement can contribute to nutrient cycling in ecosystems.

4. Indicator Species: Their presence or absence can indicate the health of an ecosystem, as they are sensitive to environmental changes.

5. Natural Pest Control: Some species prey on pest insects, helping to control their populations.

   
   

Pests :

1. Plant Damage: Excessive feeding can weaken plants, leading to stunted growth, wilting, and even death, especially in young or stressed plants.

2. Vector for Plant Diseases: Some species can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses and phytoplasmas, from infected plants to healthy ones.

3. Honeydew Production: Auchenorrhyncha excrete honeydew, a sticky substance that can promote the growth of sooty mold, which can further harm plants.

4. Crop Damage: In agriculture, certain species of Auchenorrhyncha can damage crops, leading to reduced yields and economic losses.

Pests : damaging crops and causing economic losses in agriculture.

Type of wing: membranous wing

Type of mouthpart: chewing

Other characters: have a compound eyes called “ommatidia”

Complete metamorphosis (egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), adult), antennae typically long and slender, often with distinctive eye patterns on wings.

Wings: Nodus/Stigma & membranous

Mouthparts: Biting & Chewing

Other Characteristic: Long abdomen

EGG➡️LARVA➡️CHRYSALLIS➡️

ADULT

1. Egg: The life cycle begins as eggs, which are often laid in plant tissue or in the soil, depending on the species.

2. Nymph: After hatching, Auchenorrhyncha go through several nymphal stages. Nymphs look like miniature adults but are usually wingless and sexually immature.

3. Adult: Upon reaching maturity, Auchenorrhyncha become adults. They develop wings and reproductive organs during this stage.

4. Reproduction: Adults reproduce, usually laying eggs for the next generation. Some species have multiple generations per year.

The duration of each stage and the number of generations per year vary among species and are influenced by factors like temperature, humidity, and food availability.

Egg-larva-puppa-adult

Type of wings: tegmina (forewings) membranous (hind wings)

Type of mouthparts : mandibulate

Other characters: hemimetabolous predators, long thorax, triangle head

Eggs - Larva - Molting - Adult

1-active pollination of plants, ensuring the proper development of many fruit and vegetable crops. (bees)

2-hasten decomposition (ants)

3-predators (wasps, hornets, yellow jackets)