Frame structures are usually made of studs, wood, metal concrete etc.

Interior walls of a building is usually a frame structure

We are natural frame structure, our bones

But frame structures can be weak if not built in rigid shapes (triangle)

An example is an igloo, and an egg shell

A bowl is a shell structure, jugs, plastic bottles, a cassette tape

Shell structures can be weakened by any manufacturing flaws

One weak point can make the shell structures catastrophically fail

Shell Structures can be made from flexible material

Construction companies usually go over budget

Build a bridge

A mobile joint is something that spins around it's point

Rigid point does not spin, it stays in place

Screws and bolts are a type of mobile joints on there on, but can become rigid

Circles are sort of a rigid shape

Mobile joints in a square joint is not a good idea

Gluing can join joints, but it would larger surface area, as well as tape, but more rigid than bolts and screws

Soldering is adding a 3rd party metal to stick them together

Welding is just joining them together

Leverage makes a shape not as sturdy

The exertion of force by means of a lever or an object used in the manner of a lever

Gusett is when it goes on top of the joints braces, or corners

There are string like fasteners that are mobile joints
Ties are whenInterlocking shapes are rigid

External forces are something that happen on the outside

Internal forces are the forces that happen inside

External forces are something that are acting on an object

Internal forces:

-Tension

-Compression

Bedsheets are strong under tension, but weak under compression

If someone was being wrapped around a bed sheet very tightly, the person would be going through compression and the bed sheet would be under tension

Papyrus plants used to be used to make paper in ancient Egypt

The Chinese also made paper, but people in china make paper the traditional way, this technique takes lots of time

The U.S money is made with 75% cotton

Concrete is virtually everywhere

Concrete was first used in Egypt, as well as the Romans

Hydraulic lime hardens under water

Cement is found in most modern day concrete

Steel makes the reinforced concrete very strong

Glass making is an art

Steel was first used as a building material in the 1850s

Rubber is a natural resource with a buoyant nature, it comes from trees in south America and Asia, Rubber gets stronger when heated with sulfur

Concrete breaks when its under pressure

Concrete often shatters from the thermal load on it

Dead load is just the weight itself

The Live load is what weight is on the structure

Snow on our roofs is a live load

Wind load is when wind blows against the structure

Concrete has an exo thermic chemical reaction

Concrete has an exo thermic reaction when it's heated

Reinforcing makes materials very strong

Iron reinforcing is very malleable and it bends instead of breaking

Rebar is the name of the metal put inside concrete, like steel reinforcing or iron

Settling loads is when the load compresses unevenly

When the ground beneath a structure jerks back and forth during an earthquake, the structure is experiencing an earthquake, or seismic load. Earthquake loads push and pull horizontally on a structure. ... When the soil beneath a structure settles unevenly, it is called settlement load.

Coating structures with hot glue is a material

Interior walls are usually built in rectangles

Cardboard and corrugated paper are different

Corrugated paper is like an amazon delivery box

Cardboard is like a poster

Corrugated has a structure in it since it has corrugations

Adding corrugations makes more strength in one direction, this makes strong against torsion

Laminates are layers of different materials, also a type of composite material

Composite materials are 2 or more materials put together

If composites are put in layers, it's called a laminate

A material with the strength of 2 with another material with the strength of 2 might be more than 4 only if the materials work well together, but if it's the same material it's not going to be 2 times stronger, it might be 3 instead.

Corrugated paper is what we think is cardboard like a cardboard box but a cardboard box is just corrugated paper.

Corrugated paper is a laminate

Laminate is a composite in layers

Clt is Cross laminated timber

Bridges are used to carry traffic people etc.

Cantilevers are long beams

The big pillars of a bridge are strong under compression and the strings must be strong under tension

Six Bridge Types

· Beam.

· Truss.

· Arch.

· Cantilever.

· Suspension.

· Cable Stayed.

Engineers test bridges in wind tunnels before building

Harmonic motion is when the wind would not act on a structure steadily

A cable stayed bridge is similar to a suspension bridge Bow arch ridge

Arch bridges are almost always stronger than beam bridges, in someone's experiment it was almost 2 times stronger

The Arch bridge the weight is distributed evenly

Bridges help us connect land with land

Canals are artificial water ways

· This new material has emerging properties that the original materials did not have on their own

· Composite materials usually consist of a reinforcing fiber (this provides the majority of the strength and stiffness)

· A matrix is a material that holds the fibers together (like glue)

· A good example of a composite material is carbon fiber composite

· Carbon fiber has reinforcing made from carbon which is strong and stiff. Carbon fiber is light and strong

· An epoxy is a plastic rein that holds fibers together.

· Epoxy's are often used in F1 cars and aircrafts

· Epoxy is 3x stronger and stiffer than aluminum yet 40% lighter

· A ductile material will deform, stretch or bend before gradually failing

· One of the main compromises of a composite material is that they are not ductile and fail immediately, not in a graduate way.

· If you flex a soft drink, it will deform into a new shape.

· Several plastics and some metals are very ductile so they can increase in length by 30% before they completely fail.

· Composite material video #2

· Composite materials are substances that contain 2 or more materials that combine to produce new substances with different physical properties from the original substances

· Ancient human beings used clay, wood stone glass or metal as building materials

· They have limitations, they corrode easily, they are heavy, bulky or difficult to shape

· Scientists and engineers combine several metals, ceramics and polymers

· Concrete is weak on it's own and brittle

· Concrete will break if a heavy load is placed on it, although it is strong in compression, it's waterproof, easy to maintain and relatively cheap.

· Reinforced concrete contains steel rods in the concrete pillars which makes them stronger than

normal concrete and are able to support larger loads than normal concrete.

· Optical Fiber is a fine transparent glass tube that is made of molten glass

· In telecommunications, light has replaced electrons as the transmitter of the signals. This light transmits signals through optical fiber

· Optical fiber is also used in medical fields as laser to do medical operation

· Photochromic glass is very sensitive to light

· It darkens the presence of bright light and lightens when the amount of sunlight decreases

1 Photochromic glass protects our eyes from harmful ultraviolet rays while looking at the sun

2 Then it controls the amount of light that passes through automatically

3 Photochromic glass helps our eyes to cope when our eyes are exposed to different light conditions

4 Reduce reflection of light

· Fiber glass is obtained by adding polyester resin to molten glass.

· Fiber glass cannot be compressed easily, so it is strong under compression

· Fiber glass is also more tensile than normal/original materials

· Fiber glass is light, tolerates corrosion, it is waterproof, not very flammable, not brittle (not fragile) and stronger than steel!

· Glass is brittle but fiber glass is not

· Brittleness in glass is usually due to surface defects or scratches formed during fast cooling in manufacturing process

· Fiber glass is a composite material containing glass as the reinforced phase and plastic. Fiber glass is not brittle because it has a flexible plastic matrix

· Superconductors are electrical conductors that have almost zero electrical resistance

· Super Conductors minimize the loss of electrical energy through heat.

· Wonder Ville Game

· Wood is breakable under torsion, Fibers of wood split along grain lines and weaknesses due to forces

· Rubber is weak in tension because the flaws in rubber create an area of weaknesses, which eventually split under tension

· Bending is the change of shape or form in a material caused by stress and force

· It is very rare for a real-life structure to under budget.

Understanding forces and motion

· 1st law of motion: Inertia: An object at rest tends to stay at rest

· Force creates motion

· 2nd law of motion: When a force acts upon an object, that object's velocity will change at an increasing rate, this is called acceleration

· Acceleration can be used for a faster speed or for slowing things down

· When an object accelerates, that simply means that object is going faster and faster until the force is removed

· 3rd law of motion: All forces exist in pairs

· If you push on something, that thing also pushes back.

· Force moves objects

· Constant force creates acceleration

· Forces exist pairs, and forces push back when forces apply.

· All objects are made in tiny particles

· Scientists decided to measure mass by comparing objects to a particular small cylinder of metal

-Other notes

· If I want to make a frame if I take string wrap around triangle it is rigid

· ·Types of loads

· Wind load

· · Snow load

· · Thermal load

· · Exothermic reaction: when concrete settles it gets hot, from drying because it puts out so much heat. Concrete needs reinforcing.

· -Browse Structures classcraft website

· The Burj Khalifa is the tallest building in the world, it is 828 meters tall and includes 160 floors

The Donghai bridge is one of the longest bridges in the world and is located in China, It opened in 2008

The Eiffel Tower is located in Paris and is 324 meters tall

Pyramid of Khafre

The Pyramid of Khafre is one of the amazing Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of Giza. It is the second largest of the group and holds the tomb of a pharaoh named Khafre.

·

The Golden Gate bridge is a famous bridge in San Francisco that was completed in 1937

The Pentagon Arlington County, Virginia, USA. The Pentagon is the headquarters of the US Department of

Defense, around 25,000 people work there and it is the world's largest office building by floor area.

Clifton Suspension bridge

Clifton Suspension bridge stretches over the River Avon in Bristol, England. It was designed by a famous civil engineer named Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

The Guangzhou West tower in Guangzhou is one of the tallest buildings in the world! It measures an amazing 440 meters in height (1444 feet) and features 103 floors.

The international Commerce center in Hong Kong is one of the tallest buildings in the world, it stands at 483 meters in height (1584 feet). It features 118 floors inside.

The Jin Mao tower is one of the tallest buildings in the world and has 88 floors! It opened in 1998 and is located in Shanghai, China.

Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The twin buildings were once the tallest in the world but still remain among the tallest. They reach an incredible 452 meters (1483 feet) in height and feature 88 floors

Plastic is a man made material, recycling is not good enough, reducing and reusing is much more vital.

P.L.A plastic is one of the 2 types that are used in 3D printers, P.L.A is made from corn. It can decompose.

Starlight is fire proof and offers protection against radiation

Nylon is a polymer, carbon fiber is one of the most popular composites

Carbon fiber was then used in cars for lighter weight

* Architects have to decide and determine many things like what the building is going to be used for, or how is the building going to look

* Architects start with an idea, a sketch so they can look at the building without going through the trouble of actually building it.

* Walls are often used to support the weight of the roof

* The shape of the building also supports the load

* Materials affect the strength of the building, cost and appearance

* All buildings need a strong foundation and base

* If a structure has a wider foundation, then it will be stronger

* Architects plan every detail of a building

* Architects use designs, computers and sketches to plan buildings

* Architects often build a model to find out how the building will look in 3D

* It is much easier to make a model than build a real building to find out what needs to be

Size and shape of a building determines lots of things like; how much land is available, where is the land, how many people would come and go, how much would it cost etc.

* Form follows function

* Every shape of a structure is a decision made by architects

* Plans are like the instructions for how to build that building

* The infrastructure of a building is the structure underneath

* The plans tell us where things go

* Transformers, air filters and water pumps are all in the infrastructure

* Without the infrastructure, the building would not work

* The infrastructure is in the plans

* Stone was used a long time ago, stone is strong and holds up to weather well.

* Stone is heavy, Stone is not perfectly straight, so if it was piled up, then they start to flex on one side, and the other side gets pulled apart, so it would fall and fail

* Steels frameworks are much stronger than stone for how much they weigh

* Steel I-beams are strong and light

* Elevation is the structure itself, the outside lines of the object Elevations are 2D

* Looking at an object straight on yet looking at the inside of it if section

* The plan view is looking at the structure from the top, but you can still see the inside

* When parallel beams are connected with a triangle, it is called a truss

* Some of the largest roofs in the world are held up by triangular trusses

* Arches can hold up roofs too, Arches don't need any columns holding them up

* The weight of everything on an arch gets carried along the curve, The weight of everything on the arch gets carried by the outside walls

* A Dome works just like an arch, A dome is a circle of arches hooked together in the middle

* Domes can support a lot of weight and leave lots of space

* A dome is one of the strongest architectural shapes because it is supported by triangles which is the strongest shape

* Architecture is also about the area around them, like steps and paving stones

* Architects have to know how far apart buildings are, how high they are, which way the trees are, which way the wind blows etc.

* Architecture is both science and art

* The mass of an object is how much matter is in it.

* When the metric system was first designed, scientists compared mass by using a small cylinder of metal, they called this cylinder the primary standard of mass, it weighed 1 kilogram.

* Smaller masses are usually expressed in grams

* A balance is a popular instrument for measuring mass.

* Matter stays the same no matter where it is located

* Left off at page 299 of the science textbook

I-beams, T- beams and L- beams are good for support

Triangles are the strongest shapes

Corrugated paper is strong by itself in one direction

Structural efficiency is the live load divided by it's own load.

Page Break 

 

Video #2 Texas mosquito mystery 

Video #3 Human population growth 

Video #4 Feel the Love 

Video #5 Predators 

Video #6 Change is good 

Video #7 Links in the chain 

 

Video #8 The hydrologic and Carbon cycles 

Video #9 Nitrogen and Phosphorous cycles 

Video #10 5 Human impacts on the environment 

Video #11 Pollution  

Final Video, Video #12 Conservation and Restoration ecology