*trouble with Pancho Villa:
Pancho Villa led raids  across the border trying to provoke war with the US, Wilson used military to put down attempts. 

* “The world must be made safe for democracy”

*Teapot Dome scandal:
Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome to private oil companies, without competitive bidding, at low rates. 

*Ohio Gang:
A group of Harding's friends to whom he gave jobs, responsible for corruption of Harding's presidency. 

* became well-known due to the Boston Police Strike of 1919:
following a police strike in Boston, 
Coolidge called in the National Guard to restore order. Public sympathy lay with Coolidge, demonstrating popular hostility toward labor militancy in the wake of the war.

*became president upon the death of Warren Harding

*Reconstruction Finance Corporation:
created to assist insurance companies, banks, agriculture, RRs, and businesses, used to bail out failing businesses bankrupt by Great Depression

*trickle-down economics:
The theory that by loaning money to the banks and wealthiest people in the pyramid of economics the money would then 'trickle down' to the lower classes.

Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. More influential than Roosevelt's cabinet. 

*liberal Democrat: government sponsored welfare programs to help those hurt financially in the Great Depression. 

*president when the policy of containment started:
Worked to contain the communist threat, actively combatting the spread of communism by the USSR, led to nuclear arms race and defense spending to contain. 

*Hiroshima and Nagasaki:
Authorized the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to win WWII in the pacific theater.

*helped Greece and Turkey when communists threatened them:
As part of containment, provided aid to Greece and Turkey who were seen as threatened to fall under communist control with the spread of the USSR. Wanted to prevent further spread of communism in Europe, part of containment policy

*became president when FDR died in office

*integration of Central High in Little Rock:
Forced the integration of the Little Rock 9 by calling in soldiers to oppose the Arkansas Natl Guard called in by Gov. Faubus to oppose integration. 

*CIA overthrew governments in Iran and Guatemala: overthrew Iranian Shah and leftist regime in Guatamala to maintain US control, created anti-American sentiments in Latin America and the Middle East

*Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis:
Botched coupe against Cuban leadership led by the Americans who trained exiles to overthrow the communist govt. withdrawal of American support led to Castro's build up of nuclear weapons as protection during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

*New Frontier:
JFK's domestic policy, which promoted aid to schools, more social security, and Civil Rights. Return of FDR liberal policies stimulated the economy, cuts in taxes. President in more direct control over domestic policy than before. 

*assassination in Dallas on Nov. 22, 1963 
Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas while riding in a convertible with his wife at a parade

*challenged Americans to land a man on the moon: JFK's moon speech ("we choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills..."), was used to inspire Americans to win the Space Race against the USSR and put a man on the moon first.

*Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed him to escalate the Vietnam War:
In order to win the war in Vietnam after the attack on US destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin, the president was authorized to use whatever force necessary without an official declaration of war. Expanded presidential powers regarding the war effort. 

*became president when Kennedy was assassinated:
Was able to use the emotions of Americans over Kennedy's death to mobilize new legislation and continue Kennedy's legacy, achieved Civil Rights legislature.

*opening of China:
Improved relations with China with strategies like Ping Pong diplomacy to lessen tensions with the People's Republic of China, became the 1st president to recognize PR of China

*Vietnamization:
Called for the gradual deescalation of the war and withdrawal of US troops from the war, while training the South Vietnamese to take over fighting the USSR and the North Vietnamese.

*Watergate scandal:
Caught bugging phones and sabotaging Democrats leading up to reelection in 1972, authorized the break in to the Dem. National headquarters funded by CREEP (Committee to Reelect the President). Scandal broke, Nixon tried to cover up the break in and was charged with obstruction of justice and abuse of power, not impeached but resigned. 

*only president to resign

*became president upon the resignation of Richard Nixon:
Nixon resigned, Ford became new president after resignation. 

*pardoned Richard Nixon:
 Failed to restore public confidence in the govt after Watergate, pardoned Nixon of his crimes and lost popularity.

* “I am a Ford, not a Lincoln”

*Camp David Accords:
Worked to broker peace between Egypt and Israel after the October War in 1973, Carter held peace conference in 1979 and achieved peace between Egypt and Israel, but alienated the Arabs.

*Iranian Hostage Crisis: failure to diplomatically negotiate the return of several hostages, 2 helicopters crashed trying, hurt chances of reelection. Reagan successfully regained the hostages. 

*supply-side economics / Reaganomics:
Reduction of taxes by 25% over 3 years, decreased deficit spending to reduce debt, largest tax cut in history. 

*Iran-Contra scandal:
Sold missiles to Ayatollah Khomeini in return for hostages and sent the profits to aid Nicaragua, but avoided charges, became known as the Teflon President ( no charges would stick).

*missile defense program, aka “Star Wars”:
Use of satellites and technology to comprehensively protect against nuclear weapons

*Soviet Union  = “evil empire”

* “Tear down this wall!”  [Berlin Wall]:
Told Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall in 1989 with deescalation of Cold War tensions. 

*Operation Desert Storm:
1991 invasion to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait, able to remove all Iraqi forces in 100 hours

*ousted Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega:
Panamanian general and dictator from 1983 to 1989. Noriega was ousted from power after the U.S. invasion in late 1989, convicted in the United States of drug trafficking, and imprisoned in Miami, Florida.

*second president in U.S. history to be impeached:
After Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton was the second president to be impeached, following the Monica Lewinsky Affair and his cover up 

*tried to get health care reform passed, but failed

*president when the 9/11 attacks occurred:
al-Qaeda attacked US, hit Twin Towers and other key targets, Bush launched a war on terrorism. 

*created the Dept. of Homeland Security

*Operation Enduring Freedom:
Part of war on terror following 9/11, a strike against Afghanistan to end al-Qaeda activity in Afghanistan. 

*Operation Iraqi Freedom:
2003 invasion of Iraq against Saddam Hussein.