Source: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.37.2.0161?casa_token=hAmQ5ASDMJgAAAAA%3AwfNYFmzUzHAm6fPEIs8031YAgJwL-IoYMDNBsCoYXq2zU375lMVzpfRcnAHFwHnUOB_Gd8Bs9xYkLwdcawxvEwvT9GmXYxpEaIPo6naupvpXQe9Ni5c_&seq=1

The 2000 Camp David Summit mediated by the United States has been critiqued as a failure after Palestinian President Arafat rejected a "generous offer" from Israel. However, leading diplomats and prominent negotiators have further critiqued the widely leading narrative in the United States and Israeli public opinion at the time that Arafat was not interested in a two-state solution and rather wanted to completely destroy Israel by inciting the violent uprisings of the 2nd Intifada. Rather, the complexity of the issues of refugees, land distribution, and borders were not adequately addressed in the proposed solutions. The continued Denial of Nakba recognition and the Palestinian right to return, alongside the growing number of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, contributed to each side's disdain. In the weeks following the Summit, Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount/al-Aqsa mosque, one of the holiest sites in both Islam and Judaism. Many diplomats warned of the possibility of protest, and have rather attributed this event to the start of years of violent conflict that ended in the deaths of 3000 Palestinians and 1000 Israelis. Ultimately, many critics have argued that a "myth" of Palestinian refusal following the Camp David Summit has been utilized ever since to justify Israeli policies and delegitimize Palestinian claims.

Within the Second Intifada, violence became a normalized way of life for both Israelis and Palestinians, with more chronic insecurity and fear of survival ruling all aspects of social engagement more prevalently for Palestinians. Concepts of relationships, communal ties, and collective resilience were all uprooted in this period. Palestinians involved in uprisings fought to improve their rights that had reached an all-time low at the Camp David Summit, while Israeli leaders wanted to continue to force Palestinians to accept their unjustified status-quo. "The Israelis thought that dealing a severe military blow to the Palestinians would lower their political demands in the negotiations in the aftermath of Camp David summit.”-Abu Yusef (PLO). Much of the Palestinian protests of this time were actually non-violent, but such activity was disregarded as it didn't fit into much of the narrative portrayed by Western media. What truly occurred was the violent breaking of international law and the killing of thousands of innocent civilians by Israeli military forces alongside a growing loss of Palestinian land. Source: https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2008.00015.x

From its foundation in the late 1980s to its control over the Gaza Strip in 2007, Hamas, or the Islamic Resistance Movement, has promoted Palestinian nationalism in the Islamic context while being removed from official PLO authority in the West Bank. While dozens of countries including the United States have designated Hamas a terrorist organization, some have only attributed this to its military wing which violently rejects the existence of Israel. Complexly, many scholars have pointed to the dual role of Hamas through both its negative impacts to the region but also the broader social-political context that it acts upon. Hamas's armed resistance and authoritative governance is based in Israel's military campaigns and targeted violence. The narrative of Hamas as a "resistance" resonates with its supporters who view the group as a defender against Israeli corruption and aggression. However, the group has struggled to govern the Gaza Strip, leading to economic hardship due to its international isolation. Crucially, the split in Palestinian governance is one that has been difficult to address, and rather the Israeli government has used this divide and Hamas violence to continue to justify the further expansion of the Israeli state and the military defense of its people.

Source: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01436590802528739?casa_token=muyjCw5d4xAAAAAA:u-lH_RtK2PrAa5cgjWTp3ozJ0tg5zMkFbG3QwIkQZT3eFPLFCzxneGmblETkDvJHZdssMN73SOu1hw

Source: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0308275X12449103?casa_token=P1aOfQKLf-UAAAAA:vR6NHQTr_1QD_sUpIGu0UJCOMTGZzbFor-Baga9GP7_kj_Xj4I6OR8-5P9tWY1hQLHNJUPoWrrQCmQ

In a similar manner to the First Gaza War, the 2014 Gaza War resulted in thousands of Palestinian deaths. By the middle of this conflict, almost 300,000 Palestinians had been displaced with little access to shelter, food, water or health services across the Gaza Strip. Scholar Said Shehadeh explores the systemic targeting of civilian life by the IDF as a means of psychological warfare and trauma. Once again, the collective resilience of Palestinian civilians is put to the test as widespread helplessness and fear in Gaza upended daily life. Such traumas arguably exposed the vulnerabilities of Palestinian society, yet nevertheless, war crimes and human rights violations continued to be acted upon. Overall, scholars have analyzed Israeli aggression as a form of psychological suppression, reducing resistance or the success of a more peaceful solution.

Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aps.1457

In the third direct military conflict since Israel began a blockade on Gaza in 2000, the population of Palestinian civilians in Gaza is now over 2 million people. As has been discussed, it is crucial to analyze media portrayal of such ongoing conflicts, as it can speak to the power of suppressed narratives that are difficult to break from. In many mainstream representations of various wars in Gaza, many outlets took what is deemed a "war journalism" approach focusing more on violence and polarization than "peace journalism" which focuses more on the underlying causes of conflicts, the human cost, and possible solutions. Media coverage can often reflect such biases, often towards that of Israel in justifying their security concerns. Many critics have called for journalists to explore more historical contexts when reporting on these ongoing conflicts, as it solely contributes to public opinions that such wars are perpetual cycles of uncontrollable violence. "Sensationalism" is one term that has been utilized to define such coverage, and such critiques have continued through the modern-day conflict that has brought the most media attention to Israel and Palestine out of the entire timeline.

Source: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/01634437231154766?casa_token=8frfW7ofyp4AAAAA:miw3mMvHinOFgdb1oB2ajGDLokz1cWewPTKIG6seD3cqyiu2BIwHqvZcI9KXF2_0OFVsmjuTZOx-eQ

Following warnings from Palestinian Authority Officials about the growing possibility for explosive revenge from its more militant groups under continued Israeli occupation, Hamas ultimately led a major attack on Western Israel from Gaza that killed over 1000 Israeli individuals. It was the deadliest attack on the Jewish people since the Holocaust. The obscene and horrific attack was the result of ongoing back and forth tensions of over 15 years of Hamas's reign in Gaza. Ultimately, many scholars have analyzed Benjamin Netanyahu's response and subsequent attacks on Gaza as inhumane and breaking international law. Since Israel's ground and air invasion of Gaza on October 7, 2023, over 40,000 Palestinians have been killed, with more than half of them being women and children. Over 90% of Gaza's 2.3 million population has been displaced. Ultimately, many scholars have pointed to the criteria of "proportionality" in war, or how much death and violence upon innocent people in war is considered plausible. Even on the basis of moral justification, the war has been highly disproportionate.

Source: file:///Users/johnokeefe/Downloads/10.1515_auk-2024-2024.pdf

Eventually, however, pushback would weaken, and the bid for Herzl's vision, from its vision of violent establishment to international recognition by any means necessary, would begin.

source: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/48758454.pdf

One years later with the leaking of the Sykes-Picot agreement, and two years later with the Balfour Declaration, it would become evident the British made a promise they had no intention of keeping.

source: https://www1.udel.edu/History-old/figal/Hist104/assets/pdf/readings/13mcmahonhussein.pdf

sources: https://web.archive.org/web/20230103190552/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2013-06-30/ty-article/.premium/this-day-zionisms-first-political-assassination/0000017f-dc30-db5a-a57f-dc7a40570000, https://books.google.com/books?id=Ru7dqV3a-LUC&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false

The Zionist perspective of this was that this was undertaken due to general antisemitism and an unwillingness to cooperate. However, many historical facts are not acknowledged:

• the plan of partition would displace over 407,000 Palestinians within the Jewish State. This compared to only 10,000 Jewish people within the Arab lines.

• the Zionist side only marginally accepted this plan due to being "pragmatic expansionists" -- in effect having no true intention to actually abide by partition, but rather by using this agreement as a stepping-stone to further expansion.

• the partition plan also granted the majority of the land to Jewish people, in spite of being the minority in the land. Partition was, by all accounts, biased toward the Jewish population.

sources: https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1947.stm, https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq6MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q&f=false

Multiple far-echoing results come of this, most of which reveal that the blame for "Palestinian Terrorism" squarely falls on Israel due to its lack of intent to atone for the Nakba.

• the founder of Hamas, Ahmed Yassin, had to flee his village after it was razed to cinders. The co-founder of Hamas, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, watched as his uncle was shot in front of him. The ethnic cleansing and expulsions of the Nakba -- still largely denied by the Israeli government today -- would form the later justifications for Hamas.

• Tha Nakba sparked the issue of the Palestinian Right of return, which Israel still denies today, causing many Palestinians outside of Palestine to live in abysmal conditions. This is a significant reason why Arafat walked away from negotiations at the Camp David Summit, continuing conflict into today, and sparking the second Intifada.

• any institution that commemorates Nakba Day can have its funding cut by Israel.

Sources: https://archive.org/details/footnotesingaza0000sacc_j9j4, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/3/24/the-life-and-death-of-shaikh-yasin, https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/08/opinion/fictions-about-the-failure-at-camp-david.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/3/24/the-life-and-death-of-shaikh-yasin, https://www.adalah.org/en/law/view/496

• A consistent portrayal of Palestinian society as a "stagnant rock", uniquely backwater and in desperate need of modernization by outside force, although Palestine was adapting into the global market and adopted many western scientific advancements at the time. Instead of a settler-colonial ideology, this portrayed to the west Zionism as an ideology of benevolence and burden.

• The blame of the conflict would be placed on the Palestinian people, unwilling to compromise, too antisemitic for their own good, and whipped into passionate frenzy and gang violence. Resistance to settlers, however, came from a populist, anticolonial perspective, which was ignored by Exodus completely. This is stacked on top of the myth that Islam spread through violence, so its followers are by extension inherently violent.

• Erasure of palestinian statehood and any spiritual ties to the land. This also persists through other writers, such as Mark Twain, who would constantly refuse to pronounce palestinian city names.

• source: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/08969205221132878

The Israeli government occupied the Golan heights through a number of extremely draconian strategies, including:

• appointing mayors (not holding elections) to run things -- in some cases candidates came from outside the golan heights

• Hundreds of teachers were fired for their political awareness and views

• scaring the populace into silence using overtly authoritarian displays of power

• Instituting systems of inequality by favoring those who accepted israeli policy over those who rejected them, sanctioning and blacklisting protesting groups

• blockades, round-the-clock curfew, and door-to-door arrests

• large swaths of land were taken for control by the
  state, and self-supporting projects were passionately discouraged

• settlement projects to dilute national identity.

  Israeli victory triggers the Khartoum resolution at the 1967 Arab League Summit, better known as the "three noes": no peace with Israel, no negotiation with Israel, no recognition of Israel.

Source: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537689, https://ecf.org.il/issues/issue/141

This agreement drew international ire, as this both legitimized and drew criticism away from the Nazi party. Zionists argued this deal was made because of the precarious situation in Nazi Germany, but Zionists effectively tipped their own hand as Ben-Guiron, founder of the State of Israel, was quoted to say, "If I knew that it was possible to save all the children of Germany by transporting them to England, and only half by transferring them to the Land of Israel, I would choose the latter, for before us lies not only the numbers of these children but the historical reckoning of the people of Israel.”

sources: https://www.progressiveisrael.org/ben-gurions-notorious-quotes-their-polemical-uses-abuses/, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/haavara, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/48758454.pdf