ECOL 409 by https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p en-us 2023-03-19 22:37:41 UTC 2025-10-12 13:39:53 UTC hello@padlet.com kcdixson https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2522546843 I am studying Typhoid Fever, which is causes by salmonella serotype Typhi and salmonella serotype Paratyphi.]]> 2023-03-19 22:39:29 UTC https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2522546843 kcdixson https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2532120306 A. Many historians believe that Typhoid Fever originated in Massachusetts Lowell in 1890 after a patient named Mary was detected with the virus. Others believe that Typhoid Fever may have originated in Athens in 430 BC after one third of the population was detected with the disease.
B. The suspected infectious agent was a bacteria. This bacteria is most commonly named salmonella typhi or salmonella paratyphi.
C.Typhoid fever is an infectious disease. An infectious disease is a disease that is caused by another organism. ]]> 2023-03-26 23:34:04 UTC https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2532120306 kcdixson https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2541270278 A. Typhoid fever spread through South and East Asian, African, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific regions.
B. The first outbreak occured in 430 BC in Athens and then again between 1608 and 1624 in Jamestown Virginia. Outbreaks continued throughout the 1800's with outbreaks in 1838 and 1880, when the first vaccines came into development. In 1890 and throughout the 1900's in the years 1907 and 1915 there were outbreaks that were caused by a food worker named Mary who was found to be carrying the virus. In the 1930's typhoid fever outbreaks began to slow down and in the 2000's and present day there are few outbreaks of typhoid fever. 
C. Annually there is an estimated 11-21 million cases of people affected by typhoid fever and 200,000 deaths by typhoid fever. ]]> 2023-04-02 18:05:05 UTC https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2541270278 kcdixson https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2548155424 A. Virulence is the severity of damage of a disease. Typhoid Fever is a highly virulent disease as it can cause serious complications and even death.
B. The virulence of Typhoid Fever can change over time due to the fact that if the disease is left untreated symptoms will get worse and lead to death.]]> 2023-04-09 22:48:27 UTC https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2548155424 kcdixson https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2556417210 A. Typhoid fever was handled by the healthcare community by discovering different treatment options for those with the fever and informing the public of preventative measures they can take to avoid contracting or spreading the virus such as careful watch of foods. 
B. For the healthcare community to stop the spread and handle typhoid fever, vaccines, and antibiotics were developed. Now typhoid fever is treated by healthcare professionals with antibiotics, though there is an increase in resistance to these antibiotics that are making treatment slightly more complicated. However, healthcare professionals recommend a conjugate vaccine for children starting at 6 months and adults from ages 45 to 65 years old. 
C. As of 2017 there have been two different conjugate vaccines that are more effective than older versions of the vaccine and can be given as a single dose. The healthcare community was working to make sure these vaccines were added to routine childhood immunization programs and are prioritized in countries with the greatest risk of infection. ]]> 2023-04-17 05:24:55 UTC https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2556417210 kcdixson https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2565122265 A. Typhoid fever was handled by governmental bodies by spreading the news to the public. In the U.S. there were many articles made addressing the case of Mary Mallon, also known as typhoid Mary, who was believed to be a carrier and the source of the typhoid fever outbreak. 
B. Access to clean and safe drinking water, sanitation regulations in food workers, and availability of sanitation are a few of the initiatives made to combat typhoid fever.
C. The leadership as far as the U.S. could have handled the case of Mary Mallon better. After realizing she was the source of the disease, they forcefully quarantined her twice, tried to remove her gallbladder, along with conducting series of tests without explanation to the patient. Instead of explaining to her the dangers of being a carrier and the importance of her need to be quarantined and treated they made her a public figure to fear all while turning her into a lab prisoner. An example like this shows why others may be afraid to seek treatment or help when they have or may think they have contracted a virus thus making it harder to prevent diseases before they spread. 

]]> 2023-04-24 04:13:59 UTC https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2565122265 kcdixson https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2577434206 A. Typhoid fever had a worldwide impact on  society. There were 11 to 21 million cases reported with 200,000 deaths. There are 5 million cases reported each year for paratyphoid fever.
B. Societal behavior changed by monitoring sanitation in communities. There are now many guidelines and regulations for food workers when it comes to sanitation. Also individuals take precautions to avoid contaminated food and practice hygiene at home.
C. Society learned from typhoid fever by understanding how to take preventative measures to ensure there is no spread of the infection, but also by addressing the need to support and better help countries that are at the highest risk of infection. 

]]> 2023-05-04 00:18:11 UTC https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2577434206 kcdixson https://padlet.com/kcdixson/ekz0e74fyjf1055p/wish/2577464455 The most revealing aspect I learned about typhoid fever was the case of Mary Mallon. Mallon was an asymptomatic carrier that was able to infect 51 to 122 people all because her doctors never properly explained the severity of her condition and how to treat it to her and forcibly isolated her for 30 years until she died. What surprised me the most was that the infection dates back to 430 BC. And the first vaccine was not created until around 1880. The symptoms and first signs of typhoid fever should have been mentioned in the padlet assignment. Typhoid fever symptoms can occur anywhere between 5 to 14 days with the first sign being a high fever. Other symptoms include weakness, stomach pain, headache, rose-colored spots, and more. Severe symptoms include internal bleeding and death.

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