Unit 2 Discussion Board by Xavier Acuña https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k Information regarding the 2 subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous system: Sympathetic v. Parasympathetic. Image sourced from: https://news.stanford.edu/2020/04/08/misfiring-jittery-neurons-set-fundamental-limit-perception/. Information used in this padlet was gathered using Lecture notes: ANS, pt.1 and pt. 2. en-us 2021-02-22 02:53:19 UTC 2021-02-26 02:22:27 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9e0.png Autonomic Nervous System (aka Visceral Nervous System) xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224620662 1 of 2 parts of the Peripheral Nervous System that is responsible for involuntary control of cardiac and smooth muscle thru networks of cranial and spinal nerves that is regulated by the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata.  This is further subdivided into 2 divisions:  The sympathetic v. the parasympathetic nervous system.]]> 2021-02-22 03:10:59 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224620662 Sympathetic Nervous System xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224626592 AKA Adrenergic System, "Fight-or-Flight" response, Thoracolumbar division]]> 2021-02-22 03:15:35 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224626592 Parasympathetic Nervous System xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224626875 AKA Cholinergic System, "Rest-or-Digest" response, Craniosacral division]]> 2021-02-22 03:15:51 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224626875 Neurotransmitter and Location where NT is released xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224638105 Neurotransmitter is synthesized in the adrenal medulla, hence the name adrenergic.  The sympathetic NS utitlizes two NT's:
  1. Norepinephrine (NE)
    1. Released at postganglionic nerve endings and released by the adrenal medulla as well as neurons
    2. Derived from Dopamine (DA)
  2. Epinephrine (EPI)
    1. Acts on adrenergic receptors
]]> 2021-02-22 03:24:35 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224638105 Neurotransmitter and Location where NT is released xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224653966 Neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (ACH), hence also being known as cholinergic.  Acts on cholinergic receptors.

ACH is released at ganglia and postganglionic nerve endings in both the sympathatic and parasympathic nervous systems.  ]]> 2021-02-22 03:34:57 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224653966 4 types of Adrenergic Receptors xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224722851 2021-02-22 04:17:10 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224722851 3 types of Cholinergic Receptors xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224728010 stimulated by ACH]]> 2021-02-22 04:20:11 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224728010 alpha-1 (α) xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224739410 Mainly found on glands, smooth muscle, eyes, most arteries and veins]]> 2021-02-22 04:26:33 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224739410 alpha-2 (α) xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224739588 located @ adrenergic nerve endings. Part of negative feedback loops to regulate alpha-1 receptors]]> 2021-02-22 04:26:39 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224739588 beta-1 (β) xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224739847 located on the heart]]> 2021-02-22 04:26:50 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224739847 beta-2 (β) xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224740186 located on smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries, and the coronary arteries]]> 2021-02-22 04:27:02 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224740186 muscarinic xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224745552 located on cardiac and smooth muscle (glands) at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings]]> 2021-02-22 04:30:25 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224745552 nicotinic 1 (Nn) xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224745899 located at ganglia of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves (@synapses)]]> 2021-02-22 04:30:37 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224745899 nicotinic 2 (Nm) xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224746547 located at somatic (voluntary control), neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle]]> 2021-02-22 04:31:01 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224746547 Drug Classifications: xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224758541 Under each drug classification, identify which receptors are interacted with and include the action that occurs:

  • Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists 
    • causes the contraction of smooth muscle = vasocontriction→leads to an increase in blood pressure (b/p) 
  • Adrenergic Agonsits
    • stimulates all alpha and beta receptors resulting in vasocontriction in alpha-1 receptors, cardiac stimulation in beta-1 receptors, and bronchodilation in beta-2  receptors.  
  • Alpha-1 Adrenergic Antagonists 
    • competetively binds to alpha-1 receptors thereby blocking other drugs from binding to them.  This causes smooth muscle to relax = vasodilation which causes a decrease in b/p and increase in urination.
  • Beta Adrenergic Agonists
    • Interacts with all beta recpetors.  
      • In beta-1 receptors, it stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in the kidneys thereby causing vasodilation = increased blood flow in the kidneys in low doses.  In moderate doses, it stimulates cardiac activity by binding to beta-1 receptors = increasing cardiac output and force of contraction.  In high doses, it stimulates alpha-1 receptors → vasoconstriction = increased b/p
      • In beta-2 receptors, it causes the relaxation of smooth muscle in the lungs (bronchodilation) and the ueterus.  
  • Beta Adrenergic Antagonists
    • Selective beta-1 blockers act on beta-1 receptors via competetive antagonism blocking beta-1 receptors, leading to a decrease in cardiac output and force of contraction, causing a decrease in b/p.
    • Non-selective beta blockers act on both beta receptors which causes a decrease in force of contraction and cardiac output, leading to a decrease in b/p and possibly bronchocontriction.  

]]> 2021-02-22 04:37:58 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224758541 Drug Classifications: xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224759513 Under each drug classification, identify which receptors are interacted with and include the action that occurs:

  • Parasympathomimetics (cholinergics)
    • Direct acting cholinergics directly binds to muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic division to mimic ACH release/binding. 
    • Indirect acting cholinergics  inhibit acetylcholinesterase to increase ACH concentration.
  • Parasympatholytics (anti-cholingerics)
    • bind to cholinergic receptors via competetive antagonism
]]> 2021-02-22 04:38:31 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224759513 Drug Examples: Generic and Brand Names xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224765400
  • Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists
    1. Brand Name: Neo-Synephrine®      Generic: phenylephrine
  • Adrenergic Agonists
    1. Brand Name:  Adrenalin®       Generic: epinephrine
  • Alpha-1 Adrenergic Antagonists  (generic ends in -azosin)
    1. Brand Name:  Minipress®       Generic: prazosin
    2. Brand Name:  Hytrin®             Generic: terazosin
    3. Brand Name:  Cardura®          Generic: doxazosin
  • Beta Adrenergic Agonists
    1. Brand Name:  Dobutamin®    Generic: dobutamine
    2. Brand Name: Proventil HFA® Generic: albuterol 
    3. Brand Name: Brethine®         Generic: terbutaline
  • Beta Adrenergic Antagonists (generics ends in -olol)
    1. Brand Name:  Tenormin®      Generic: atenolol
    2. Brand Name: Lopressor®       Generic: metoprolol
    3. Brand Name:  Corgard®          Generic: nadolol
    4. Brand Name: Inderal® Generic: propanolol
    • ]]>     2021-02-22 04:41:44 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224765400     Drug Examples: Generic and Brand Names xavieracuna https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224766244
  • Direct-acting Cholinergics
    1. Brand Name: Pilocar®         Generic: pilocarpine
    2. Brand Name: Urecholine®  Generic: bethanechol
  • Indirect-acting Cholinergics
    1. Brand Name: Prostigmin®    Generic: neostigmine
  • Anticholinergics
    1. Brand Name:  Bentyl®           Generic: dicyclomine
    2. Brand Name:  Atrovent®        Generic: ipratropium bromide
    • ]]>     2021-02-22 04:42:07 UTC https://padlet.com/xavieracuna/eiqahunwarpfaa7k/wish/1224766244