•  Plant Growth Form : Shrub
•  Mature foliage color: Green
•  Flowers color: red, yellow/golden
• Growth Form : Small-sized shrub, compact, able to grow to about 1 - 2 m tall tall.
• Flowers  :Yellow fragrant flowers with curled petals.
• Associated Flora : Dwarf form of Cananga odorata.
• Etymology : Genus Cananga is derived from a Tagalog name "alang ilang" and also refers to the perfume produced from the fragrant flowers. Species odorata means fragrant or sweet-scented.
• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Fragrant

• It is a succulent subshrub or shrub growing to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) tall, with densely spiny stems.
• The leaves are found mainly on new growth and are up to 3.5 cm (1.4 in) long 1.5 cm (0.59 in) broad.
• The flower are small. Subtended by a pair of conspicuous petal-like bracts, variable red, pink or white, up to 12 mm (0.47 in) broad.

• Growth Form : Evergreen woody shrub or small tree, able to grow up to about 4.5 m tall and with a spread of 2 - 3 m wide.
• Foliage : Green leaves, oblong to obovate in shape and sometimes three-lobed,  simple and alternate arrangement, measuring about 10 - 20 cm long.
• Flowers : Separate male and female flowers on the same plant, red in colour and measuring about 2.5 cm across, usually in clusters.
• Fruits : Oval-shaped fruit, measuring about 1 - 2 cm long, green in colour, seeds measuring about 0.9 - 1 cm long.

• Culture (Care): Pseuderanthemum reticulatum grows easily with moderate care. It enjoys the sunny, humid and wet seasons of the tropics.
• Light: Grows best in full sun or partial sun for vibrant foliage colours.
• Moisture: Average water requirements. However, it thrives best with regular watering, especially during the hot and dry seasons. It enjoys high humidity.
• Soil: Prefers well-drained and fertile loamy soils.
• Others: Prune regularly to maintain preferred height and size, to encourage new growth and more blooms, as well as to keep bush dense and compact. It tolerates hard-pruning very well and should be applied to keep hedges neat and tidy. Feed once monthly with a balanced fertilizer. Generally free from diseases and pests. However, do watch out for caterpillars that feed on its leaves.
• Propagation: Easily propagated from stem or tip cuttings that root easily on soil.
• Usage: Pseuderanthemum reticulatum is excellent as an ornamental specimen plant or flowering shrub. Use it in flower bed or border and ideal for container planting. Golden Eldorado makes great shrubbery when mass planted as screens or hedges because of their dense and colourful foliage and free flowering throughout the year. And grow it if you’re a nature lover to attract butterflies and bees to your garden.

• The hibiscus is an evergreen shrub, growing to a maximum of 10 m in the wild. Its bark is light-grey, easy to peel and smooth.
• Hibiscus leaves are ovate, simple and 8 to 10.5 cm long. 
• Flowers are bisexual, large and showy, grow up to 25 cm wide, stalked and arising singly from the upper leaf axils.

• Growth Form : Annual herb to 60cm tall
• Foliage : Leaves to 5 (-6)cm long by 3.5 (-4)cm wide, bright purplish-red with a bright yellow median stripe on the mid vein, on some leaves spilling over onto the area next to the parallel to the mid vein and secondary veins.
• Flowers : Inflorescence to 20 cm tall, flowers blusih violet 

• Growth Form : Perennial herb up to 1 m tall.
• Foliage : Dark green, smooth leaves are lighter green on the bottom with a toothed leaf margin (5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide).
• Stems : Purplish stems are 4-sided and smooth.
• Flowers : White, 2-lipped flowers are hairy with 5 cm-long, whisker-like stamens (male part producing the pollen). Flowers are arranged in a conical-shaped inflorescence (6-10 cm long).

• Growth Form : a woody and evergreen vine. It can grow up to 6m in height.
• Foliage : the leaves are borne in whorls along the stems and are leathery and ablong-lanceolate in shape, grow up to 16cm long and  6cm wide.
• Stems : Woody and twinning stem. It contains milky sap.
• Flowers : The yellow, funnel-shaped flowers are borne in axillary cymes. The flowers sepals are ovate to narrowly ovate, the flower corolla is yellow and 5-lobed and spreading.

• Mussaenda is a tropical scrub or sub-shrub that will grow to 10ft tall in tropical areas, but more likely will reach 1-3ft tall in containers.
• Clusters (corymbs) of small, tubular flowers with five spreading lobes bloom in summer.
• Elliptic to ovate, bright green leaves (to 6” long)
• Hybrids typically feature flowers in red and/or yellow with showy sepals of white, bright red or pink.

• Plant Growth Form : Shrub
• Mature Foliage color : Green
• Flowers Color : red, yellow/golden
• Native Distribution :  Tropica America
• Light Preference : Full sun, Semi-shade
• Water Preference : Lots of Water, Ocassional Misting
• Mature Foliage Color(s) : Green
• Leaf Area Index (LAI) * for Green Plot Ratio : 3.5 (Shrub & Groundcover - Monocot)
• Flower Color(s) : Red, Yellow/Golden

• Type : Broadleaf evergreen
• Family : Lythraceae
• Native Range : Mexico, Guatemala
• Height : 1.00 to 2.00 feet
• Spread : 0.75 to 2.50 feet
• Bloom Time : Flowers freely
• Bloom Description : Lavender
• Light Preference : Full sun
• Water Preference : Medium
• Suggested Use : Annual
• Flower : Showy

• Growth Form : Evergreen shrub, able to grow to 1 - 2 m tall.
• Foliage : Leaves lanceolate in shaped, opposite arrangement, wavy margins, measuring about 7 - 10 cm long, light green with patches of cream on the top and maroon underneath.
• Origin : Native to Southeast Asia and Yunnan in China and through Indochina to Malaysia.
• Plant type : A tropical to subtropical evergreen shrub.
• Culture (Care) : Excoecaria cochinchinensis cv. Firestorm grows easily with minimum care.
• Light : Filtered sunlight to light shade. However, it grows best in morning sun and afternoon shade. It loves warmth and humid conditions.
• Moisture : Moderate water requirement. Allow the surface soil to slightly dry out between waterings, especially if plant is potted.
• Soil : Any well-draining and well-aerated potting soils will be fine.
• Others : Handle the Chinese Croton with precaution as the sap is toxic and may cause skin irritation for some people. If grown indoor as a potted plant, shower it occasionally to remove accumulated dust. Feed it with a balanced foliage fertiliser once monthly. Prune your plant to rejuvenate and encourage more branching for a more bushy appearance. Generally free from serious pests and diseases.
• Propagation : By stem cuttings.

• Herbaceous shrub with erect growth habit
• Young herbaceous stem is red
• Opposite leaves are elliptic with entire or wavy leaf margin (15 cm long). Leaves are mostly green with mixed patches of peach, cream and pink along the midvein.
• Reddish purple or pinkish purple flowers are tubular and located near the stem tips in clusters (4 cm long, 1 cm wide).

• Growth Form : Short, herbaceous plant with erect growth habit.
• Foliage : Leaves are narrow and linear with distinct purplish veins. The venation is pinnate or feather-like; the veins curve to the tip and run nearly parallel to the leaf edges.
• Flowers : Tubular flowers are light purple and 5-lobed. Petals are approximately round to obovate with irregular edges and a longitudinal groove in the middle.
• Fruits : Light brown fruits are long, cylindrical seed pods with pointed tips.

•  Foliage : Leaves are smooth and leathery, about 7 - 12cm long, elliptical or ovate, with a mucronate apex. Young leaves are green with attractive yellow or golden variegation patterns, usually spots or blotches. They are arranged spirally at the growing tip of the stems. As the stem grows, the leaves mature and the yellow variegation fades to cream or white, and the internodes lengthen. Pairs of leaves may appear to be in opposite arrangement, while clusters of 3-4 leaves appear as whorls.
• Flowers : Flowers are white, inconspicuous, about 1.5cm long, borne in a terminal globular cluster on a downward drooping peduncle which is about 8 to 15cm long.

• Growth Form : A woody vine which can reach a height of 25m, it can also be grown as a sarmentose shrub. 
• Foliage : The leaves are simple and glabrous. 
• Stems : The branches are dark coloured, glabrous and lenticillate. 
• Flower : The flowers are borne on terminal cymes. The bisexual flowers have 5-lobed light pink petals and are fragrant. 
• Fruits : The fruits are divergent follicles, connate at the base.

• Crossandra readily roots from cuttings. For best results, take cuttings early in the spring growing season, use a rooting hormone, and plant the cuttings into seed-starting soil. Provide bottom heat and plenty of humidity until new growth emerges, then move to their permanent location. Young plants grow quickly and will likely need to be repotted within the first month before they begin to bloom.

• Growth Form : A glabrous herbaceous plant, growing up to 5 m tall. 
• Foliage : Arranged in rosettes, ascending; leaf blades are flattened, pointing upwards, measures 25 - 50 cm by 20 - 35 cm, green in colour, slightly glossy, arrow-shaped, apex acute, base hastate, margin wavy, petiole measuring 60 - 100 cm long.
• Stems : Acaulescent, has a short corm, produces sap and has an elongated caudex as it grows. 
• Flowers : Inflorescences, enfolded by bracts; peduncles are 20 - 45 cm long, spathe white - yellowish green with 15 - 35 cm long, lower part folds into a green tube; spadix 11 - 32 cm long, pistil 3 -4 cm long and 1.5 cm thick.
• Fruits : Fleshy berry, globose or ovoid in shape, turns red when matures.

• Plant Morphology : Growth Form: A dwarf bushy shrub with  produces milky sap when injured.
• Foliage : Leaves green, glossy, simple, lanceolate shaped, apex acuminate, base attenuate.
• Flowers : White, 5 petals arranged like pinwheels in counterclockwise direction, has white corolla tube. 
• Etymology : Genus Tabernaemontana is named after a German herbalist, Jakob Theodor van Bergzaben (1520 - 1590) Specific epithet divaricata means wide-spreading, divaricate.
• Ethnobotanical Uses : Medicinal (This plant is believed to have antimicrobial action against infectious diseases like syphilis and leprosy as well as anti-parasitic action against worms, diarrhoea and malaria. Its root is reportedly being used in folk medicine for analgesic properties.)

• Growth Form : Multi-branched shrub, up to 1.2 m tall.
• Foliage : Leaves rough-hairy with coarsely-serrated margin, emit a pungent scent when crushed or rubbed -- hence the Malay name 'Bunga Tahi Ayam' (Chicken Dung Flower).
• Stems : Stems square or 3-angled, covered with bristly hairs when young, often armed with scattered hooked prickles when mature.
• Flowers : Flowers multi-coloured, changing colour over time and with pollination, held in showy clusters, attract butterflies.
• Fruits : Fruits 2-seeded globose berries, ripen from green to deep blue or purple-black, eaten by birds which disperse the seeds

• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Woody)
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic

• Desirable Plant Features : Fragrant (Flowers), Ornamental Flowers
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Bonsai, Flowerbed / Border, Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Skyrise / Balcony
• Thematic Landscaping : Fragrant / Aromatherapy Garden

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Woody)
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Shrubby
• Maximum Height : 2.5 m to 3.5 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Fragrant (Flowers), Ornamental Flowers
• Plant & Rootzone Preference - Tolerance : Fertile Loamy Soils, Acidic (low pH) Soils, Alkaline high pH Soils
• Landscape Uses : Hedge / Screening, Topiary, Parks & Gardens
• Thematic Landscaping : Formal Garden

• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Solitary Palm)

• Others - Plant Morphology : The leaves of this palm are deeply divided into about 75 segments that droop downward that portrays an effect of a fountain. These leaves grow to form a dense canopy on a brown trunk. This palm is slowly growing to a height of 30 feet. This Livistona can grow to 50 feet in its native habitat. But it is only commonly seen in Singapore at a height of 15 to 25 feet.

• Landscape Uses: Roadside Tree / Palm

• Lifespan : Perennial
• Habit : Herbaceous / Rhizomatous
• Leaf type : Evergreen

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Moist Soils, Waterlogged Soils (Drains Site), Fertile Loamy Soils
• Landscape Uses : Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Container Planting

• Plant Division : Ferns & Allies (Non-Seed Vascular Plants) (Fern)

• Desirable Plant Features: Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Easy to Grow, Moist Soils
• Landscape Uses : Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens

•  Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Herbaceous)
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Ornamental Form
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Parks & Gardens

• Plant Growth Form : Climber, Vine & Liana, Shrub
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic

• Growth Form : Scrambling woody shrub, able to grow up to 4 - 8 m tall and with a spread of 1 - 1.5 m wide.
• Stems : Stems have thorns that are found at the leaf axils.
• Flowers : Tubular flowers, creamy white, measuring about 2.5 cm wide and covered by petal-like bracts which turn from coppery to pink upon maturity.
• Etymology : Genus Bougainvillea is named after Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1729 - 1811), who was a French naval officer.

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Dry Soils / Drought, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Bonsai, Container Planting, General, Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens
• Usage : Hazard - Cons        Spines/Thorns - Stem/Branch

• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Solitary Palm)

• Others - Plant Morphology : The leaves of this palm are deeply divided into about 75 segments that droop downward that portrays an effect of a fountain. These leaves grow to form a dense canopy on a brown trunk. This palm is slowly growing to a height of 30 feet. This Livistona can grow to 50 feet in its native habitat. But it is only commonly seen in Singapore at a height of 15 to 25 feet.

• Landscape Uses: Roadside Tree / Palm

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 1 m to 4 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage, Ornamental Form
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Parks & Gardens, Hedge / Screening, Container Planting, Bonsai

• Plant Division Angiosperms : (Flowering Seed Plants)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub
• Description and ethnobotany
• Growth Form : Shrub with erect, bushy stems.
• Foliage : Narrow, linear leaves are cream and green variegated. They are spirally arranged and closely spaced along the stems. Young foliage are either solid cream or mostly cream with thin slivers of green in the middle.

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Container Planting
• Thematic Landscaping : Golden Garden

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Medium (16m-30m))
• Maximum Height : 30 m

• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Small (6m-15m))
• Maximum Height : 8 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 6 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Fragrant (Foliage)
• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm, General

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Creeper, Herbaceous), Herbaceous Plant
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Compact
• Maximum Height : 2 cm

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Easy to Grow, Dry Soils / Drought, Well-Drained: Soils, Shallow Media (8 -10cm)
• Landscape Uses : Skyrise / Balcony, Container Planting, Green Roof
• Thematic Landscaping : Rockery / Desert Garden

Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S. Bunting

• Plant Growth Form : Climber, Vine & Liana, Shrub (Trailing)

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference - Tolerance : Easy to Grow
• Landscape Uses : Hanging Basket, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, Phytoremediation (Aerial Contaminant(s))

• Light Preference : Semi-Shade
• Water Preference : Lots of Water

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Herbaceous)
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference - Tolerance : Easy to Grow
• Landscape Uses : Container Planting, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant

• Growth Form : Shrub or miniature tree with wide open crown, fast-growing and evergreen.
• Foliage : Bipinnate and fernlike.
• Stems : Green, turning grayish-brown as the stems become woodier, covered with spines, which swell at the base as the stems mature.
• Flowers : Light yellow, scentless with long stamens and pistil. There is one modified petal which is smaller than the other 4 petals.
• Fruits : Oblong pod, thin, up to 10cm long. Pods split to disperse the single row of flattened seeds.
• Cultivation : This attractive shrub flowers throughout the year

• Thunbergia grandiflora is a long-lived (perennial), vigorous, climbing plant that can grow up to 15 m in height when supported by a hosttree.
• Younger stems are green, hairy (pubescent), and square in cross-section (quadrangular).
• The oppositely arranged leaves are borne on hairy stalks (pubescent petioles) 4-12 cm long.
• The trumpet-shaped (tubular) flowers are borne in elongated clusters (racemes) on long, drooping (pendent) branches.
• Thunbergia grandiflora reproduces via seed.

• Growth Form : Erect herbaceous plant, able to grow up to 0.5 - 1 m tall and 0.5 m wide.
• Foliage : Leaves variegated with shimmering shades of purple, green and silver, with completely purple underneath, ovate-lanceolate in shape and measuring up to 20 cm long.
• Stems : Stems are squarish in cross-section.
• Flowers : Purple, 5-lobed funnel-shaped flowers are arranged in short cone-like infloresences.
• Cultivation : Ideal as bedding plant for lining borders and corners that enjoy morning or afternoon sun. Tip-prune to promote bushy growth and minimize legginess.

• Description : Mansoa alliacea is an ornamental evergreen vine, 2-2.5m (6 to 8 feet) tall; opposite leaves divided into two ovate leaflets, up to 15cm (6 inch) long. The leaves are bright green. 
• Two special features makes this plant pretty unique: First, the tri-colour blooms. Secondly, its specific garlic-like odor when parts of plants are crushed.
• Crushed leaves smell like garlic, although of course the plant is not related to the common edible onion or garlic at all. Usually the odor is noticed when its leaves are crushed or when prune its branches. 
• Propagation : Mansoa alliacea can be propagate from cuttings. Semi-hardwood cuttings can be taken for propagation. Each stem should have at least 3-4 nodes and can be stuck into a mixture of sand and compost to start the rooting process, after removing some leaves to reduce water loss. Rooting hormone powder is usually not needed

• Growth Form : It is a perennial herbaceous plant about 1-2 m tall, with a clump forming growth habit.
• Foliage : The broadly elliptical leaves (15 cm long, 8 cm wide) are hairless, glossy and spirally arranged along the stems.
• Stems : Round, succulent stems are produced by an underground horizontal stem known as a rhizome. The aboveground stems are erect to leaning and loosely spiraled.
• Flowers : The inflorescence is cylindrical with a tapered tip (6-10 cm long) and occurs at the stem tip. The bracts are tightly overlapped, bright red and waxy. The reddish-orange, tubular flowers have a yellow-orange lip near the apex. They emerge at the top of the inflorescence, 1-3 at a time from between the bracts.
• Fruits : The dry, dehiscent fruit is known as a capsule. It is woody and approximately round to egg-shaped. 
• Cultivation : It grows best in rich, moist soil in semi-shade, being susceptible to sunburn under hot afternoon sun. Feed once a month with a balanced fertilizer such as one with a NPK ratio of 15-15-15.

• Growth Form : Perennial herb forming clumps up to 0.8 m tall.
• Foliage : Large, thin leaves are shaped like arrowheads and come in a variety of patterns and colors.
• Flowers : Calla-like flowers are small and inconspicuous.
• Cultivation : It grows best in acidic soils rich in organic matter.

• Growth Form : An annual which grows upright with a height of 30 to 150 cm and spreads to about 30 cm across. The leaves and flowers are aromatic when crushed.
• Foliage : Leaves are dark green and pinnate. Crushed leaves produce a mild fragrance. 
• Cultivation : Prefers moist and well-drained soil although can tolerate clay and dry soils. Tolerant to full sun but appreciate slight afternoon shade. Pinch young plants to promote bushier growth. 

• Growth Form : Large, erect herb up to 1.5 m tall.
• Foliage : Large, oval-shaped leaves are light green with white to light green midrib. They are held erect by a long petiole (leaf stalk).
• Stems : It has underground, horizontal stems known as rhizomes.
• Flowers : The inflorescence resembles a single, large, star-shaped flower (7.5 cm wide). It is composed of white to pinkish, lance-shaped bracts that look like petals and inconspicuous, small, white flowers. They are borne on a long stalk and held above the foliage.
• Cultivation : This low maintenance plant grows best in consistently moist, but well-drained soils. Full sun will cause the leaves to  scorch.

• Growth Form : Succulent shrub with a swollen base known as caudex.
• Foliage : Smooth, gloosy green leaves are obovate with entire leaf margin and truncate or rounded lead apex.
• Flowers : Flowers are tubular with 5 oval-shaped lobes that are flared and perpendicular to the floral tube axis.

• Growth Form : A robust herbaceous shrub with usually unbranched fleshy stems and large elliptic leaves arching gratefully from the upstraight stems.
• Foliage : Glossy and green with creamy white to yellow lines, spots or patches. Large (up to 45 cm long, elliptic to slightly lanceolate, smooth, entire margins.

• Growth Form : Shrub with a rounded growth habit, able to grow up to about 1 - 2 m tall.
• Foliage : Dark green leaves, obovate to elliptic, serrated margins, measuring about 10 - 20 cm long. 
• Flowers : Large corymb inflorescence of light blue flowers, consisting of small fertile florets with scattered showy sterile florets often forming a marginal ring.
• Others : Hydrangeas are well known because the change colour according to their pH value. When the soil is acidic, the flowers are blue or dark purple in colour. When the soil is alkaline, the flowers are pink in colour and when the soil is neutral, the flowers are white or pale green in colour.

• Growth Form : It is a liana, up to 10 m tall or more.
• Foliage : Its opposite, stalked leaves have somewhat papery leaf blades that are oblong-egg-shaped, and 6-12 by 4-7 cm.
• Flowers : Its bright yellow-petalled flowers are 2-2.5 cm wide, borne on flowering shoots that are 10-30 cm long.
• Fruits : Its star-shaped fruits are 1.5 cm wide, with up to three developing from each flower.
• Cultivation :It can be propagated by seed or stem cuttings.

• Growth Form : Semi-woody shrub, short-lived perennial which is sometimes grown as annual, able to grow up to 0.5 - 0.8 m tall.
• Foliage : Leaves glossy dark green, oval in shape, opposite arrangement, measuring about 2.5 - 3.5 cm long.
• Stems : Bruised or cut stems secrete milky-white sap.
• Flowers : Tubular flowers red to light pink, with 5 flattened petal-like lobes.
• Fruits : Fruits are explosive follicles.

• Growth Form : Perennial shrub up to 4m tall.
• Foliage : Unlike other members of the cactus family (Family Cactaceae) which lack leaves or have tiny leaves which quickly fall off, this species has large leaves which remain on the plant. Green leaves are elliptic with wavy leaf margin. Leaf surface appears wrinkled with leaf blade bulging between veins.
• Stems : The woody stems are heavily armed with dense clusters of black, needle-like spines.
• Flowers : Orange-red, rose-like flowers are composed of about 10 obovate to oval petals. Bisexual flowers have a compact column of white stamens and styles in the centre.
• Fruits : Yellow, funnel-shaped fruits are fleshy with several black, disc-shaped seeds.

• Growth Form : Herbaceous plant up to 1.2 m tall.
• Foliage : Smooth leaves are narrowly triangular, gradually tapering to a long, soft tip.  They are green to dark green with large, silvery splotches that are arranged in an alternating banded pattern.
• Cultivation : This low maintenance plant is ideal as a houseplant or office plant. It tolerates low light conditions well, but may become leggy over time. It will be more compact and bushy under bright, diffuse light.

• Growing Bleeding Heart Vines
• Select a sunny and well drained soil for planting.
• Bleeding Heart vine flower needs good sunlight.
• Good amount of water is needed to the plant.
• Bleeding Heart vines is mainly propagated by cuttings in late sunny day and well drained soil for the spring or summer.
• Bleeding Heart vines can also propagated from seed in spring.
• Feed the Bleeding Heart vine flower plant every 2 weeks.
• Pruning is also necessary, in winter.
• Cuttings will root in 10-14 days, but there should be a mist.
• After the cuttings root in the container, supply the plant with good fertilizer.
• Place the plant in the container and water it.
• Provide 2 inches of mulch around the plant.

• Growth Form : A climbing legume with slender and twinning stems. .
• Foliage : Leaves are compound pinnate, alternately arranged along the stem, with 5 - 7 elliptic to ovate leaflets, measuring 2.5 - 5 cm long and 1.5 - 3.5 cm wide. Each leaflet is thinly papery. 
• Flowers : Flowers are large, deep blue, pea-shaped. Flowers are located on leaf axils. 
• Fruits : Fruits are Fruits are flat dehiscent pods. brown, linear to oblong.  Fruit splits open to release 6 - 10 black, oblong seeds.
• Cultivation : It is easily grown by seeds. Let pods dry on plant, before collecting seeds for sowing. Fast-growing, but may be attacked by aphids, resulting in plant defoliation. Plant prefers full sun but can tolerate slight semi-shade. 

• Gowth Form : Large epiphytic fern (up to 3m long by 1.5m across when fully grown), with short and fleshy branched rhizome hidden in basin formed by upper fronds.
• Foliage : Plant produces 2 types of fronds.
• Cultivation : Can be mounted directly on tree branches/trunks, or tied to fern root slabs.

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Herbaceous Plant
• Lifespan : Perennial

• Growth Form : It is a herbaceous plant growing around 1 m tall.
• Foliage : Zamioculcas zamiifolia has compound leaves. Each leaf is consisted of several pairs of elliptic leaflets, which are leathery and glossy.
• Flowers : Its inflorescence is consisted of white spadix and green spathe.

• Landscaping : Zamioculcas zamiifolia is a popular indoor plant.
• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage, Ornamental Form
• Plant & Rootzone Preference - Tolerance : Easy to Grow, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, Container Planting
• Usage Hazard - Cons : Irritant - Sap

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Woody)
• Lifespan :Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Shrubby
• Maximum Height : 2.5 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Fragrant (Foliage)
• Plant & Rootzone Preference - Tolerance : Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Container Planting

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Cluster Palm)
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage, Ornamental Form
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Moist Soils, Waterlogged Soils
• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm, Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Coastal, Beachfront / Shoreline, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, Container Planting

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Big (>30m), Medium (16m-30m))
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Umbrella
• Maximum Height: 20 m to 30 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 20 m to 30 m
• Tree or Palm – Trunk Diameter : 4 to 4

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Medium (16m-30m))
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Rounded
• Maximum Height : 10 m to 12 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 10 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Fragrant (Flowers)
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Well-Drained Soils, Fertile Loamy Soils
• Landscape Uses : General, Roadside Tree / Palm, Parks & Gardens, Coastal

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Solitary Palm)
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 30 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 6 m

• Landscape Uses : Coastal, Roadside Tree / Palm, Beachfront / Shoreline

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic

• Growth Form : Shrub which grows to about 2 - 3 m high and 2 m wide
• Foliage : Bright yellow foliage with irregular splashes of green
• Flowers : Both male and female flowers are produced in long, thin spikes

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference - Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Parks & Gardens, Hedge / Screening

Duranta erecta L.

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Woody)
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition :Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Irregular

• Landscaping : It is suitable for streetscapes and parks for its attractive purple flowers.
• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers
• Plant & Rootzone Preference - Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils, Fertile Loamy Soils
• Landscape Uses : General, Roadside Tree / Palm, Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Hedge / Screening, Flowerbed / Border, Container Planting
• Thematic Landscaping : Butterfly Garden
• Usage Hazard - Cons : Spines/Thorns - Stem/Branch, Toxic Upon Ingestion
• Usage Hazard - Cons Remarks : Its fruit are reported to be toxic to humans and pets.

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree
• LANDSCAPING FEATURES
• Landscape Uses : Parks & Gardens

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Woody), Tree (Small (6m-15m), Shrubby (1m-5m))
• Lifespan (in Singapore): Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Umbrella
• Maximum Height : 3 m to 7 m

• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Saline Soils / Salt Spray, Dry Soils / Drought
• Landscape Uses : Container Planting, Coastal, Bonsai, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, Beachfront / Shoreline
• Thematic Landscaping : Rockery / Desert Garden, Formal Garden
• Usage Hazard : Cons        Spines/Thorns : Stem/Branch
• Usage Hazard - Cons Remarks : Stiff spines (1-3cm) found along stems & base of leaf whorls
• Plant & Rootzone Preference or Tolerance : Remarks       Likes moist soils.

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Big (>30m), Medium (16m-30m))
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Tiered, Open
• Maximum Height : 12 m to 35 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 5 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm, General, Coastal

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub, Tree (Medium (16m-30m))
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Rounded
• Maximum Height : 20 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 8 m to 21 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Fruits
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Fertile Loamy Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Container Planting, Bonsai, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, General, Roadside Tree / Palm, Shade Providing Tree / Palm, Hedge / Screening, Topiary
• Thematic Landscaping : Naturalistic Garden

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Woody)
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Rounded
• Maximum Height : 4 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 2.5 m

• Landscaping : This species is often used as an ornamental shrub in subtropical and tropical climates. It may be used as a specimen plant, as the large, bright purple flowers are sure to attract interest. The greyish green, softly hairy leaves provide a contrast in colour and texture when placed next to plants with smooth, green foliage. 
• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Fertile Loamy Soils, Well-Drained Soils, Acidic (low pH) Soils, Easy to Grow, Disease / Pest Resistant
• Landscape Uses : General, Flowerbed / Border, Focal Plant, Container Planting
• Usage Hazard – Cons : Invasive / Potentially Invasive

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Herbaceous)
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic

• Desirable Plant Feature : Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance :Fertile Loamy Soils, Well-Drained Soils, Poor Infertile Soils, Saline Soils / Salt Spray, Acidic (low pH) Soils, Alkaline high pH Soils, Shallow Media (8 -10cm), Easy to Grow, Dry Soils / Drought
• Landscape Uses : General, Flowerbed / Border, Container Planting, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, Green Roof, Coastal
• Thematic Landscaping : Rockery / Desert Garden

• Plant Growth Form : Shrub

• Desirable Plant Feature : Ornamental Flowers

• Light Preference : Semi-Shade
• Water Preference : Lots of Water

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Woody)
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Shrubby

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage, Fragrant (Foliage, Fruits)
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Hedge / Screening

• Plant Growth Form : Shrub

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens

• Growth Form : Erect, multi-stemmed shrub, able to grow up to 2 - 6 m tall.
• Foliage : Simple leaves, lanceolate to elliptic, measuring about 10 - 15 cm long, parallel venation, margin entire.
• Stems : Stems are silvery brown in colour and covered with scars from fallen leaves.
• Flowers : Small yellowish-green flowers arranged in a panicle. 
• Etymology : Genus Dracaena is from the Greek word drakaina which means a female dragon and could refer to the source of the dragon's blood (dried juice from the plant). Species reflexa means bent back upon itself.

• Plant Division :           Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Solitary Palm)

• Foliage : It has very distinctive pleated, circular and undivided leaves with notched tips. 
• Flowers : Bisexual(male and female on the same flower) inflorescent emerges from among the leaves. 
• Fruits : The green fruits turn red when ripe. rounded and marble-like. Bears single seed inside.

• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, Roadside Tree / Palm, Container Planting

• Plant Growth Form : Shrub
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic

• Growth Form : Popular ornamental shrub that grows up to 3 m tall.
• Foliage : Small, lanceolate to oblong leaves are light green and have alternate leaf arrangement. They are held in the same plane in 2 files along the stem.
• Stems : Thin, flexible stems droop gracefully downwards. Stems are highly branched, producing a dense crown.
• Flowers : Small flowers are pink to red.
• Fruits : Small fruits are round and slightly flattened.
• Etymology : Genus Phyllanthus means flowering from edges of leaf-like phyllodes. Species myrtifolius means myrtle-leaved 

• Plant Growth Form : Shrub
• Maximum Height : 3 m

• Trunk : The stem or trunk is grey, with prominent leaf scars. Indoor specimens that have been moved around may have very contorted stems due to phototropism.
• Foliage : Long, subulate (very narrowly lanceolate) leaves, ranging from 15 - 50cm long, tapering to an acuminate point. Midribs are usually cream, flanked by green and then reddish-pink at the margins. On specimens grown outdoors under direct sunlight, leaves tend to be very stiff and erect, creating a spiky appearance to the crown. Indoor specimens tend to have drooping foliage (except for very young leaves) and may have deeper colouration or even lose some of their variegation if the light levels are too low.
• Others - Plant Morphology : A striking member of the Dracaena genus with dramatic, multi-coloured foliage, growing into an upright, multi-stemmed shrub of about 3m when outdoors. Also a common indoor and container-grown plant.

• Plant Growth Form : Shrub

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers

• Fauna Pollination :  Dispersal Associated Fauna

• Growth Form : Spiral ginger to 2m tall
• Foliage : Leaves with cream/white stripes
• Flowers : Flowers white, to 8cm across
• Ethnobotanical Uses :             Edible Plant Parts (Edible Flowers)

• Landscaping : Can be used as a focal plant or a low hedge to screen off unsightly areas.
• Desirable Plant Features :      Ornamental Flowers, Ornamental Foliage, Ornamental Stems
• Plant & Rootzone Preference - Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils, Fertile Loamy Soils

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Big (>30m))
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Irregular
• Maximum Height : 30 m to 55 m

• Growth Form : It is a tree up to 55 m tall, with deep fissured bark, and with buttress roots up to 2.5 m tall.
• Foliage : Its opposite, stalked leaves have thinly leathery to leathery leaf blades that are usually elliptic, distinctly tipped, and 5–13 by 2–5.5 cm.
• Flowers : Its flowers are bisexual, and develop in 4–12 cm wide flowering clusters (inflorescence) that develop at the leaf axils. Its flowers are cream-white turning yellow, fragrant, and about 2 cm across.
• Fruits : Its fruits are berries that are broadly ellipsoid or round, tipped, green turning orange or red, and are 4.5–10 mm across. Its seeds are 1–2 mm across

• Landscaping : It can be planted along roads or in gardens for shade, its attractive fragrant flowers, and red berries that would attract bats and birds.
• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Fragrant (Flowers)
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils, Poor Infertile Soils, Fertile Loamy Soils
• Landscape Uses Roadside : Tree / Palm, General, Parks & Gardens, Riverine, Shade Providing Tree / Palm, Reforestation
• Thematic Landscaping :         Fragrant / Aromatherapy Garden, Bird & Wildlife Garden

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub, Tree (Medium (16m-30m))
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Rounded
• Maximum Height : 20 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 18 m to 21 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Fruits
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Fertile Loamy Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Container Planting, Bonsai, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, General, Roadside Tree / Palm, Shade Providing Tree / Palm, Hedge / Screening, Topiary
• Thematic Landscaping : Naturalistic Garden

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Medium (16m-30m))
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers
• Landscape Uses : Roadside : Tree / Palm

• Plant Growth Form : Tree

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers
• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Cluster Palm)
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 6 m

• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Medium (16m-30m))
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Irregular
• Maximum Height : 30 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Fragrant (Flowers)
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Poor Infertile Soils, Waterlogged Soils (Drains Site), Saline Soils / Salt Spray, Alkaline high pH Soils, Disease / Pest Resistant, Dry Soils / Drought
• Landscape Uses : Coastal, General, Shade Providing Tree / Palm

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Solitary Palm)
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 15 m

• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm

• Plant Growth Form :  Tree (Big (>30m))
• Maximum Height : 40 m
• Tree or Palm – Trunk Diameter : 3 to 3 m

• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Small (6m-15m))
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Fragrant (Flowers)
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Well-Drained Soil
• Landscape Uses : General, Roadside Tree / Palm, Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Skyrise / Balcony, Container Planting
• Thematic Landscaping : Fragrant / Aromatherapy Garden

• Plant Division :  Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form :  Herbaceous Plant
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition :  Autotrophic
• Maximum Height :  3.7 m to 6 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : moist soils

• Plant Division: Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form: Shrub
• Lifespan (in Singapore): Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition: Autotrophic
• Maximum Height: 4 m

• Desirable Plant Features:  Ornamental Flowers
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance :  Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Parks & Gardens, Container Planting
• Usage Hazard – Cons :  Spines/Thorns - Stem/Branch

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Climber, Vine & Liana
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 3 m to 4.5 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Hanging Basket, Parks & Gardens, Trellis / Arbour / Pergola

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Solitary Palm)
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Fountain (Palm-like)
• Maximum Height : 5 m to 15 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 3.5 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Fruits
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Saline Soils / Salt Spray, Poor Infertile Soils, Alkaline high pH Soils
• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm, Container Planting, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, Coastal, Beachfront / Shoreline

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Solitary Palm)
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 15 m

• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm

• CLASSIFICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Solitary Palm, Cluster Palm)
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 1 m to 3 m

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Herbaceous, Trailing), Epiphyte
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic, Heterotrophic (Symbiotic - Mutualistic Partner of)
• Plant Shape : Shrubby

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Fragrant (Flowers)
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Shallow Media (8 -10cm), Dry Soils / Drought
• Landscape Uses : Coastal, Vertical Greenery / Green Wall
• Thematic Landscaping : Fragrant / Aromatherapy Garden, Naturalistic Garden

• Plant Division :           Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Solitary Palm)

• Foliage : It has very distinctive pleated, circular and undivided leaves with notched tips. 
• Flowers : Bisexual(male and female on the same flower) inflorescent emerges from among the leaves. 
• Fruits : The green fruits turn red when ripe. rounded and marble-like. Bears single seed inside.

• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, Roadside Tree / Palm, Container Planting

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Cluster Palm)
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 5 m

• Landscape Uses : Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Herbaceous)
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition: Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 9 m to 18 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 4.5 m to 5.5 m
• Tree or Palm – Trunk Diameter : 0 to 0

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Ornamental Foliage, Ornamental Seeds
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Fertile Loamy Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Container Planting, Roadside Tree / Palm, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, General, Focal Plant
• Plant & Rootzone Preference or Tolerance Remarks : Sandy soil, Clayey soil

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Solitary Palm)
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height: 40 m  

• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm  

• Bismarckia nobilis grows from solitary trunks, gray to tan in color, which show ringed indentations from old leaf bases. 
• Trunks are 30 to 45 cm in diameter, slightly bulging at the base, and free of leaf bases in all but its youngest parts. 
• In their natural habitat they can reach above 25 meters in height but usually get no taller than 12 m in cultivation. 
• The nearly rounded leaves  are enormous in maturity, over 3 m wide, and are divided to a third its length into 20 or more stiff, once-folded segments, themselves split on the ends. 

Elaeis guineensis

• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Solitary Palm)

• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm

• Light Preference : Full Sun
• Water Preference : Moderate Water

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Herbaceous)
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Fountain (Palm-like)
• Maximum Height : 1.8 m to 9 m
• Tree or Palm – Trunk Diameter : 3 to 3

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : General, Green Roof, Focal Plant, Container Planting, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant
• Thematic Landscaping : Rockery / Desert Garden

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Cluster Palm)
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 8 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 5 m

• Landscape Uses : Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Palm (Cluster Palm)
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 12 m

• Landscaping : Its bright scarlet leaf sheaths make this palm one of the most attractive of palms. It is an ornamental palm suitable for gardens, parks, roadsides and around the edges of ponds and water bodies.
• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Stems, Ornamental Foliage, Ornamental Form
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Fertile Loamy Soils, Waterlogged Soils (Drains Site, Does not Drain Site), Moist Soils, Heavy Clay Soils
• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm, General, Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Hedge / Screening, Riverine, Pond / Lake / River, Marsh / Bog, Focal Plant

• Plant Division : Gymnosperms (Non-Flowering Seed Plants) (Cycad)
• Plant Growth Form : Cycad
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Maximum Height : 6 m

• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Dry Soils / Drought, Well-Drained Soils, Fertile Loamy Soils
• Landscape Uses : Bonsai, Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, Container Planting
• Usage Hazard - Cons Remarks : Spiky leaves, kept away from paths when planting.

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Medium (16m-30m))
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Umbrella
• Maximum Height : 15 m to 25 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 9 m to 12 m
• Tree or Palm – Trunk Diameter : 1 to 1 m

• Landscaping : It suitable for planting along streets, in parks and gardens for its ornamental flowers, and umbrella shaped crown which provides excellent shade.
• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Fragrant (Flowers), Ornamental Form
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils, Saline Soils / Salt Spray, Heavy Clay Soils, Alkaline high pH Soils
• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm, Coastal, Shade Providing Tree / Palm, General, Parks & Gardens, Beachfront / Shoreline
• Thematic Landscaping : Naturalistic Garden, Golden Garden

• Plant Growth Form : Tree

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Big (>30m))
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Open
• Maximum Height : 30 m to 40 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 15 m

• Landscaping : It is suitable for parks and gardens on poor infertile soils or along seashores.
• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Form
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Saline Soils / Salt Spray, Well-Drained Soils, Poor Infertile Soils
• Landscape Uses : Coastal, Roadside Tree / Palm, Parks & Gardens, Beachfront / Shoreline

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Big (>30m))
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 40 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Fragrant (Bark)
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Small (6m-15m))
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Columnar, Weeping / Pendulous
• Maximum Height : 15 m to 20 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Fragrant (Flowers, Foliage, Stems), Ornamental Foliage
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Easy to Grow, Dry Soils / Drought
• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm, General, Hedge / Screening
• Thematic Landscaping : Formal garden
• Plant & Rootzone : Preference or Tolerance Remarks       Adapted to wide range of soil types.

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Epiphyte

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers
• Landscape Uses : Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Coastal, Beachfront / Shoreline, Skyrise / Balcony, Hanging Basket
• Thematic Landscaping : Golden Garden, Naturalistic Garden

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Big (>30m))
• Lifespan (in Singapore) : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Fruits, Fragrant
• Plant & Rootzone Preference - Tolerance : Moist Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm, Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Riverine, Pond / Lake / River, Shade Providing Tree / Palm

Shorea macrophylla

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic

• Native Habitat : Terrestrial
• Preferred Climate Zone : Tropical

• Light Preference : Full Sun
• Water Preference : Moderate Water

Lophanthera lactescens

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Medium (16m-30m))
• Lifespan  : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Broad / Mushroom / Hemispherical, Open
• Maximum Height : 20 m

• Others - Plant Morphology : Tree, up to 20m height. Leaves, mid-green, whorled. Flowers, yellow, small, up to 300 individual flowers in inflorescence, provide nectar for bees. Inflorescence showy, in pendulous chain, lasts several weeks on plant as flowers open from base upwards. Fruits small, mature to pale grey, containing single brown-black seed.Heartwood yellowish, resistant to insect attack. Bark has milky white sap.

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers
• Landscape Uses : General, Roadside Tree / Palm
• Thematic Landscaping : Golden Garden, Naturalistic Garden

Eusideroxylon zwageri

• Plant Growth Form : Tree

• Light Preference : Full Sun
• Water Preference : Moderate Water

• Mature Foliage Colour(s) : Green, Red
• Leaf Area Index (LAI) for Green Plot Ratio : 3.0 (Tree - Intermediate Canopy)

Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F.Muell.) Benth

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Medium (16m-30m), Small (6m-15m))
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Oval
• Maximum Height : 8 m to 40 m

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers
• Plant & Rootzone Preference - Tolerance : Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : General, Roadside Tree / Palm, Hedge / Screening
• Thematic Landscaping : Golden Garden

Lagerstroemia floribunda Jack

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Tree (Medium (16m-30m), Small (6m-15m))
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 8 m to 35 m

• Growth Form : Small to medium-sized tree, with dense bushy, oval to conical-rounded crown, usually 5 - 18m height in cultivation, but may reach up to 35m in native habitat.

• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Flowers, Ornamental Trunk
• Plant & Rootzone Preference - Tolerance : Fertile Loamy Soils, Well-Drained Soils
• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm, General

• Balsminaceae impatiens is a common sun to partial shade flowering annual
• Impatiens balsamina is known by the common name balsam or by the umbrella moniker of impatiens, which covers a wide variety of forms and tones. Balsam may also be found as “Rose Balsam.”
• Growth Form : It is a sparsely-branched annual herbaceous plant and grows about 0.3 to 1 m tall.
• Foliage : Its leaves are alternately arranged along the succulent stems, lanceolate-elliptic and have serrate margins. The leaves are about 4 to 12 cm long and 1.5 to 3 cm wide.
• Flowers : Its flowers are  showy and come in many colors (eg. red, pink, purple), produced in stalkless clusters in leaf axils. The spurs are incurved and about 1 to 2.5 cm long.
• Fruits : Fruits are fuzzy capsules, green turning to brown when mature, and split open easily to scatter small seeds. 
• Cultivation : It is commonly grown in gardens, but has also naturalized in many countries around the world, appearing mostly in disturbed areas. It is suitable for flower beds and containers. Propagate by seeds.
• Etymology : The Genus name means impatient, referring to the exploding seed pods.
• Ethnobotanical Uses : Food (Fruit & Vegetable : Leaves and young shoots cooked and eaten as vegetable. Seeds edible raw or cooked. ;Herb and Spice)
  Medicinal ( The plant is used to treat pains in the joints. Leaf juice applied to warts. Mucilaginous flowers have cooling, antifungal and antibacterial properties, used to treat burns, scalds and snakebites. Powdered seeds given to women during labour to provide strength.)
  Cultural / Religious ( A dye can be obtained from flowers and leaves, used for dyeing fingernails and toenails. )

• Plant Growth Form : Shrub

• Light Preference : Semi-Shade, Full Sun
• Water Preference : Moderate Water

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Dicotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form : Shrub (Creeper)
• Lifespan : Perennial
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Plant Shape : Shrubby
• Maximum Height : 0.3 m to 0.6 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width : 0.3 m
• Growth Form : It is a sprawling herbaceous creeper, with erect stems at intervals, growing close to the ground and forming mounds of up to 60 cm in height. The stems are slightly hairy.

• Landscaping : It has attractive glossy dark green leaves. It makes a good border plant or ground cover for shaded to semi-shaded sites.
• Desirable Plant Features : Ornamental Foliage, Ornamental Fruits, Fragrant (Foliage)
• Plant & Rootzone Preference – Tolerance : Easy to Grow, Fertile Loamy Soils, Well-Drained Soils, Moist Soils
• Landscape Uses : Container Planting, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant, General, Flowerbed / Border, Roadside Tree / Palm, Parks & Gardens, Small Gardens, Groundcover

• Plant Division :  Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)
• Plant Growth Form:  Palm (Solitary Palm)
• Mode of Nutrition : Autotrophic
• Maximum Height : 20 m
• Maximum Plant Spread / Crown Width :  3 m

• Landscape Uses : Roadside Tree / Palm

• Plant Division : Angiosperms (Flowering Seed Plants) (Monocotyledon)

• Growth Form ; Herbaceous plant up to 3.6 m tall.
• Landscaping features
• Landscape Uses : Parks & Gardens
• Thematic Landscaping : Economic Garden