In 2004 the Chinese constitution was amended, and added that the state respect and preserve the human rights, but it wasn’t sufficed. The China continue her violations. Then, began tensions between the USA and the China about the human rights. 

In 2006, the China was the country which executed the most prisoners (around 80%)

In 2009, the China promised to perform the situation during two years. 

Today in China, ethnic minorities suffer of discriminations, people suffer intimidation, torture, and others ill-treatment simply exercising their right to freedom of expression (since 1986, Chinese people are free to talk, but there are a lot of censorship) and other human rights. 

The State know those problems but continue to be ignorant. 

  In artisanal mines, extraction take place with bare hands or with the use of tools and without any protective equipment, such as masks or gloves.  There are many children  work in the Congolese mines in these conditions, often involved in underground extraction, in tunnels, without ventilation and subject to frequent collapses, especially when it rains.

 many children have diseases muscle strain from lifting weights of 20 to 40 kg.

Many of them work in cobalts mines.

This children work in bad conditions, more 12 hours a day, without protection, earning very little, 1€ for day. They get sick before than their peers.

Every day they risk the death accidents at the work due to weights too heavy and due to frequent collapses in the caves. 

Frequently they are beaten and abused by security guards if they cross the mine boundaries.

 60% of these 42 million are girls.  The exclusivity of women in school education is due to: poverty, wars, discrimination between the various sexes due to religious, cultural and social conditions.  Another cause is due to the fact that girls are given in marriage from the age of 12, for this reason they have to save to buy food and  health.

 

 

There are many active wars in the world.

Wars are classified by intensity and expansion.

In Africa there are fourteen wars and they are forgotten.

The most "important" are:

-Ethiopia, the Tigray War, which began on 3 November 2020 and ended on 3 November 2022.

-Somalia (war with Islamic group), from 20 July 2006 to 30 January 2009

-Nigeria (war with Islamic militants), from 6 July 1967 to 15 January 1970

-Libya (ongoing civil war), from 16 May 2014 to 23 October 2020 

 

 

 

 

War in Ethiopia, Tigray

In 2018 the rise of Abiy Ahmed as president of Ethiopia, had access to the hopes of a change. Abiy’s government immediately showed a change of direction by initiating profound reforms and signing peace with neighboring Eritrea, but all this has rekindled tensions between different ethical communities. The reasons for the clash between the Prime Minister and the Tigrinya elite date back to a power struggle and legitimacy between the federal government and the TPLF (Tigray People’s Liberation Front). 

There is talk of a real genocide against the population of Tigrina, where thousands of women, girls and girls would be victims of war rape and many people risk dying of starvation. 

The war in Tigray had a disastrous impact on the Ethiopian economy. The country is on the verge of collapse, with soaring inflation accompanied by a significant collapse in GDP, the rapid increase in the abandonment of the country by foreign investors. Domestic attention and resources were requisitioned to finance the war, with serious consequences for the Ethiopian population, even in areas far from the conflict. This situation threatens the standard of living and food security of Ethiopians and further exacerbates poverty and unemployment, which is around 17%.

Since the Tigray is under siege, more than a million Ethiopians have been found in precarious living conditions and in total lack of food security. About 2.5 million people in the Tigray region need all kinds of humanitarian aid, while more than 18.6 million children need medical care for diseases caused by severe malnutrition. In addition, basic services, electricity, fuel supplies and communications have suffered a severe blow because of the war throughout the region. An estimated USD 30 million in emergency humanitarian aid is needed to alleviate the humanitarian crisis in Ethiopia.

 

 

 

War in Somalia

The war officially began on 20 July 2006 when US-backed Ethiopian troops invaded Somalia to support the government in Baidoa (Somalia). 

Consequently, the Union of Islamic Courts declares a state of war and invites all Somalis to take part in the fight against Ethiopia. 

This war is still going on.

Since the beginning of 2007 the escalation of the conflict has cost the lives of thousands of civilians, caused the displacement of more than a million people and induced most of the population of Mogadishu to flee the capital. The growing attacks on those working for humanitarian organisations have weighed heavily on aid operations and contributed to a humanitarian crisis. tens of thousands of Somali refugees have fled the country. The Dadaab refugee camps in Kenya today constitute the largest concentration of refugees in the world, with about 250,000 people attending. But the journey itself is dangerous. Many refugees , during the escape from Somalia, were robbed, raped, or beaten by mercenary militias, while hundreds of Somalis drowned in an attempt to cross the Gulf of Aden to Yemen, often after being pushed overboard or abandoned by traffickers.

 

 

 

War in Nigeria

The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafra War, took place between 6 July 1967 and 13 January 1970, following an attempt to secede from the Igbo (or Ibo) southeast provinces of NigeriaThis war ended in 1970, but even today there are several conflicts where many people die, for example in 2022 between January and March more than 3000 people died due to attacks by armed groups. 

An estimated three million people died in the conflict, mainly from hunger and disease. Most of the infrastructure of the Igbo regions was destroyed. To worsen the condition of the Igbo in the immediate post-war period were some measures applied by the Nigerian federal government to their detriment, such as restrictions on access to current accounts. The Igbo were discriminated against in public and often private employment and in the early 1970s became one of the poorest ethnic groups in Nigeria. The administration of some of the cities with a strong Igbo presence (for example Port Harcourt) was entrusted to rival ethnic groups (for example Ijaw and Ikwerre).

 

 

 

war in Libya

The crisis in Libya began in 2011, when the regime of Moammar Gaddafi fell following a popular uprising and, above all, a military intervention led by France, the United Kingdom and the United States, which plunged the country into chaos.

 At the end of the military intervention, successive administrations failed to control the country’s numerous militias, which began to exercise real power in Libya.

The country was divided into two administrations on one side Fayez al-Serraj who took over the leadership of the Government of National Agreement, in 2016 based in the capital, Tripoli, and on the other Khalifa Haftar supported by the House of Representatives. 

According to Libya Body Count, a non-governmental organization that counts violent deaths in Libya recorded by the press, 2,825 people, including fighters and civilians, died in Libya due to fighting in 2014, 1,523 in 2015 and 1,523 in 2016. According to the UN, "widespread violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, and human rights abuses, were committed by all parties to the conflict in Libya in 2014 and 2015"; the violations include illegal killings, attacks against civilians, arbitrary detention, torture and violence against women. The number of internally displaced persons has risen from 80,000 in May 2014 to 435,000 in May 2015, according to UNHCR A new wave of refugees of Libyan nationality has also arrived in Tunisia, bringing, according to some estimates, the number of Libyans expatriated in Tunisia since the beginning of the civil war in 2011 to 1.8 million, about a third of the Libyan population.

Instability and war, combined with a simultaneous increase in the number of refugees in the region (mainly Syrians, due to the Syrian civil war) have made the departures from the Libyan coast to Italy of refugees and migrants from African and Asian countries easier and more numerous, due to the lack of a central authority able to control Libyan ports and collaborate with European countries in combating the expanding networks of migrant trafficking.

Starting in May 1996, Osama bin Laden and other members of the Alliance settled in Afghanistan and established dialogue and cooperation with the country’s Taliban regime, within which several terrorist training camps were established. 

Following the attacks on US embassies in Africa in 1998, the United States launched a missile attack from submarines directed at these training camps.

Between 1999 and 2000, the United Nations Security Council passed two resolutions establishing economic and arms sanctions on Afghanistan to encourage the Taliban to close training camps and hand over Bin Laden to international authorities. 

In 2001, the President of the United States issued an ultimatum to the Taliban, the Taliban did not respond by believing that starting a dialogue with a non-Muslim political leader would be an insult to Islam. And so the war in Afghanistan developed.

In Afghanistan this war has caused one and a half million deaths, hundreds of thousands of injured and mutilated, over four million refugees.

With the war coming to an end in August 2021, the problems in Afghanistan are far from over. Today Afghanistan is in an unprecedented economic crisis that starves more than 23 million people, a consequence of the decades of conflict that have undermined the future of the country, the extraordinary drought, the devaluation of the local currency, inflation with the increase of about 50% in the prices of cereals and fuel, the closure of the banking circuits and the consequent financial crisis.

And on the ground there is still the legacy of previous wars: anti-personnel mines and unexploded ordnance continue to mutilate children and adults, especially civilians.