This is a broad category that emphasizes fundamental human rights, which can be natural (inherent) or conventional (created by society). This approach focuses on balancing individual freedoms with societal obligations and is often used in applied ethics for issues in areas like healthcare, technology, and social justice.

e.g. lying is always wrong even when it could stop a disaster

A right act is an action a virtuous person would do

Looks at the character of an individual rather than physical characteristics

Concerned with the entirety of a person's life not a single chapter/action

Positive rights. The right to goods or practices. The right to vote or clean water.

1. Greatest Happiness: pleasure or positive utility, such as improving

well-being, should be maximised

2. Impartiality: you should evaluate each action without bias or

prejudice

3. Consequentialism: the morality of actions should be judged by their outcomes

Has practical applicatiors in various fields

Has been used to advocate for animal rights arguing that the suffering of animals should be given equal consideration to human suffering

Boils down to maximising happiness and minimising suffering

This line allows us to use firm rules to see what is right and wrong and use those rules to make a decision, rather than personal biases.

unhappiness or harm.

Its directed towards making the best decisions be it social, political or economic to better society.

Founded by jeremy bentham

Many professions have codes of ethics based on deontological principles, such as rules against breaking into a software system without permission, even if it might prevent a larger catastrophe. In this scenario, the deontological answer would be to not hack the system, because the action itself is a violation of a rule. 

• universality - means human rights apply everywhere to everyone regardless of their country, culture and status

• Equality - means discrimination is unacceptable. No person should be favoured more than others because of their race, ethnicity, colour, gender, age etc.

• Participation - political and public participation, social inclusion, and more

• Interdependence - human rights are interrelated and interdependent. Means we can’t pick and chose which human rights matter and which don’t

• The rule of law - principle of governance. Necessary for international peace