SECESSION OF MINDANAO by https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc en-us 2024-05-15 09:14:37 UTC 2024-05-15 22:01:52 UTC hello@padlet.com Group members: beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993964236 Biag, Dhan Carl

Buena, Joy

Baylen, Hairly

Rillo, Melody


In considering the question of separating Mindanao from the Philippines, there are several pros that need to be examined. These advantages range from the elements of self-determination and cultural recognition to the economic implications stemming from the region’s vast natural resources. Understanding these potential benefits is crucial to gaining a comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding the issue.

]]> 2024-05-15 09:21:50 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993964236 Group members: beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993966566 Masujer, Bea Mae B.

Tabayag, Jafet

Cleofas, Angel Ann


The secession of Mindanao from the Philippines would greatly affect the country as well as its people. This movement brought up by former President Duterte and his allies will bring chaos among to Filipino community and here are some of the reason why we strongly disagree from this movement.

]]> 2024-05-15 09:23:38 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993966566 Self-determination and Cultural Recognition beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993972116

A primary pro of separating Mindanao is the opportunity it presents for self-determination and cultural recognition for the Muslim population in Mindanao. Mindanao has a distinct cultural heritage, and recognizing and respecting the unique identity of its people is crucial for fostering inclusivity and promoting social cohesion. Granting autonomy to Mindanao would allow its Muslim population to exercise greater control over their cultural, religious, and social affairs, providing a platform for their voices to be heard and valued.

Source: https://asiasociety.org/origins-muslim-separatist-movement-philippines

https://sinaunangpanahon.com/separating-mindanao-from-the-philippines-pros-cons/

]]> 2024-05-15 09:28:29 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993972116 Secession would lead to division among Filipinos. beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993980650 Secession would lead to division among Filipinos. Ijodin Saripada Mamacol, executive director of the Office of Muslim Affairs and Indigenous Cultural Communities of Cebu City, said such a move would create conflicts for Muslims living in Mindanao and those who have moved elsewhere in the country like Cebu City. At present, around 9,000 Muslims live in Cebu City, a rise from last year’s estimated 6,000 Muslims during the celebration of Eid’l Adha. He said Muslims are coming back to Cebu City as the economy recovers from the Covid-19 pandemic. He said before the pandemic, there were more than 10,000 Muslims in Cebu City, but some chose to return to their hometowns in Mindanao during the global health crisis, and only 4,000 remained.The Muslim leader said 80% of Muslims in Cebu City are Maranao, an ethnic group native to the region around Lanao Lake in Mindanao. Other Muslims are from the Maguindanaon and Tausug tribes. If the secession happens these Filipino Muslims would be divided into two, from Philippines and Mindanao which is a total nonsense and should not happen because Filipinos are united and not a marginalized group created by this chaos.

Source from: 

]]> 2024-05-15 09:37:04 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993980650 Economic Implications for Mindanao’s Natural Resources beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993982544 Mindanao is renowned for its abundant natural resources, including vast mineral deposits, fertile agricultural lands, and rich biodiversity. Separation from the Philippines can give Mindanao greater control over the management and utilization of these resources, potentially leading to enhanced economic growth and development. By leveraging their natural resources effectively, Mindanao can establish sustainable industries and attract domestic and foreign investments, creating employment opportunities and improving the overall standard of living for its residents. However, it is crucial to ensure that responsible and sustainable practices are followed to protect the environment and preserve the region’s ecological balance.

 

 Source: https://asiasociety.org/origins-muslim-separatist-movement-philippines

https://sinaunangpanahon.com/separating-mindanao-from-the-philippines-pros-cons/

]]> 2024-05-15 09:39:04 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993982544 Economic Impact: If Mindanao were to secede, it jeopardizes investments in the region. beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993985089 The uncertainty and potential instability resulting from secession might discourage investors and hinder the economic growth of the country. Based on PSA Data 17% or PHP 3.4 Trillion of the Philippine's GDP, 23.56% (4.7 M mt) of rice supply, 88.2% of pineapple, 83.6% of coffee, 84.5% of banana, 60.3% of coconut and 51.3% of corn came from Mindanao. So, if the secession happens it will not bring any good result for Filipinos and to this country because it would lead to disruptions in trade, investment, and economic development. The loss of revenue from Mindanao's resources would strain the national economy. Imagine having a scarcity of pineapple supply used for Barong Tagalog production. One of the famous signatures of Filipinos would really affect us and this is just one of the worst situations that might happen. 

Source from: 

Mindanao secession’s implications. (2024, February 8). Daily Tribune. https://tribune.net.ph/2024/02/07/mindanao-secessions-implications

]]> 2024-05-15 09:41:28 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993985089 The Quest for Autonomy: The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993986941 In the pursuit of autonomy for Mindanao, the creation of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region marked a significant milestone in the region’s history. The establishment of the region sought to address the demands for self-governance and recognition of the cultural rights of the Bangsamoro people. Pa

The Bangsamoro Organic Law, which established the autonomous region, was a product of the peace agreement between the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). It aimed to provide a framework for achieving lasting peace and development in Mindanao.


Source: https://asiasociety.org/origins-muslim-separatist-movement-philippines

https://sinaunangpanahon.com/separating-mindanao-from-the-philippines-pros-cons/

]]> 2024-05-15 09:43:07 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993986941 Republic Act No. 11054 beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993991311 According to Republic Act No. 11054 or the Bangsamoro Organic Law, Article III (Territorial Jurisdiction) Section 1. Territorial Jurisdiction. Territorial jurisdiction is the land mass as well as the waters over which the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region has jurisdiction, which shall always be an integral, indivisible, and inseparable part of the national territory of the Republic of the Philippines as defined by the Constitution and existing laws. So, although Mindanao has its governing system, it remains part of the Philippines regardless of what happens. This law was created not to cause division but to establish a political entity and set up its fundamental forms of governance in recognition of the legitimacy and justice of the Bangsamoro people's cause, as well as the aspirations of Muslim Filipinos and all indigenous cultural communities in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao to protect their identity and future generations. This will enable meaningful self-governance within the bounds of the Constitution, national sovereignty, and the Republic of the Philippines' territorial integrity following the written law of Republic Act No. 11054, to keep peace in our community and not cause harm. Furthermore, the reason we are discussing this, is that secession would only be feasible if it were allowed by law. We’re living in a democratic country where law matters, it presents the argument that legal institutions and legal procedures matter, regardless of their instrumental value. Thus, the law must be followed and applied to this matter too so secession would not be possible and will never happen.

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]]> 2024-05-15 09:47:21 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993991311 The underdevelopment of Mindanao due to neglect by the national government beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993992458 Some Mindanao politicians, especially in the Davao area, are calling for the separation of Mindanao from the Republic of the Philippines. The initial reason, as I understand it, is the underdevelopment of Mindanao due to neglect by the national government. If one of the causes of the Bangsamoro rebellion was the marginalization of the Bangsamoro due to neglect, it is also true that the rest of Mindanao has a reason to complain on the same issue.

The idea of an independent Mindanao goes back many years. Datu Udtog Matalam, former Governor of Cotabato province, established the Muslim Independence Movement and later renamed it as the Mindanao Independence Movement. But it lacked people’s support. Nur Misuari and his Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) waged a rebellion in order to pursue the idea of an independent Mindanao but signed a peace agreement with President Ramos who appointed him Governor of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). But Hashim Salamat with his Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) continued the armed struggle. His successor, Ahod “Al Haj Murad” Ebrahim, effectively ended the struggle by signing a peace agreement with President Noynoy Aquino. The peace agreement established the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), with its own Parliamentary form of government, presently called the Bangsamoro Transition Authority. The Bangsamoro Organic Law is the legal basis for these developments.

https://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/an-independent-mindanao/

]]> 2024-05-15 09:48:30 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993992458 Debunking the claimed that "Government neglect Mindanao development" beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993994485

  • In an ANC News interview, Davao Del Norte Rep. Pantaleon Alvarez, a pioneer of Mindanao independence and former President Rodrigo Duterte's ally, argued that Mindanao is not being served well by the national government. In contrast to this assertion, our National Government planned and approved PHP2.4 billion in infrastructure projects for Mindanao last year to help the island's economy grow. On July 1, 2023, President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. visited Davao City to inaugurate the Davao City Coastal Bypass Road Project (Segment A); additional planned and finished infrastructure projects include:

    1. 100 kilometer Mindanao Railway Project with total cost of PHP 81.67 Billion and according to Transportation Secretary Jaime Bautista the project is currently in the process of design finalization and right of way acquisition. (Note: In the latest news wherein it is said that this project was canceled, it wasn't true the Philippines government has only canceled its loan agreement with China due to the higher interest rates and geopolitical factors. This project plan is unaffected and was approved by the National Economic Development Agency (NEDA) stated by Secretary Bautista. Besides, the government can still seek other possible sourcing funds such as in South Korea, Japan, India and US which has expressed interest in the project.) 

    2. Davao Public Transport Modernization project with a worth of PHP 73.9 Billion funded with the assistance of the Asian Development Bank.

    3. Davao City Expressway

    4. Samal Island-Davao City Connector Bridge

    5. Paguil Bay Bridge

    6. Accomplished projects deployment of 1,500 free WiFi sites and about 1,200 digital transformation Centers have been established in Mindanao villages according to Information and Communication Technology Secretary John Uy. 

    7. In 2022, Philippine Rural Development Project (PRDP) completed 178 sub projects under its infrastructure development projects in Mindanao with a cost of PHP 9.3 Billion. Including PRDP-Mindanao 36 approved Value Chain Analysis (VCAs) resulted in 33 commodity investment plans which are used by Mindanao LGUs to enhance their resources. Investment support of implementing the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan of the Department of Agriculture. 

    8. In 2021,one of the  government Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) finished 115.07 kilometers of roads in Mindanao (newly paved,widened and rehabilitated), 21 flood control structure projects were constructed, repaired, and rehabilitated. 448 other infrastructure projects such as national buildings and classrooms; hospitals and health facilities; military building, disaster-related rehabilitation projects;water supply and rain collector systems; market; public terminals; multipurpose buildings, gymnasium, senior citizen building and daycare centers. 

    Source from: 

    FACT CHECK: Mindanao Railway Project is Not Cancelled. (2023, November 29). DAVAO TODAY. https://davaotoday.com/headline/fact-check-mindanao-railway-project-not-cancelled/

    ]]>     2024-05-15 09:50:31 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993994485     Outcome of the 2019 Plebiscite and Public Opinion beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993996647 In 2019, a plebiscite was conducted to determine the approval of the Bangsamoro Organic Law and the creation of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region. The plebiscite allowed the people of  Mindanao to exercise their democratic right and voice their opinion on the autonomy issue.

    ·       The outcome of the plebiscite favored the establishment of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region, with a majority of voters supporting the autonomy initiative. This result signaled the collective desire of the Bangsamoro people for self-governance and their aspirations for a more inclusive and culturally sensitive governance structure.

    Public opinion on the autonomy issue in Mindanao has been shaped by various factors, including historical tensions, socio-economic disparities, and the quest for peace and stability in the region. The creation of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region has generated both support and skepticism, reflecting the diverse perspectives within Mindanao society.

    ·       Key Point 1: The establishment of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region addresses the demands for self-governance and recognition of the cultural rights of the Bangsamoro people.

    Implications:

    1– Greater local autonomy and decision-making power for the Bangsamoro people.

    2– Preservation and promotion of Bangsamoro culture, identity, and heritage.

    Key Point 2: The outcome of the 2019 plebiscite favored the establishment of the autonomous region, indicating the collective desire of the Bangsamoro people for self-governance.   

    1– Increased legitimacy and support for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region.

    2– Potential for improved governance and development in Mindanao.

    ·       Key Point 3: Public opinion on autonomy in Mindanao reflects the diverse perspectives within the region.       

    1– The need for continuous dialogue and engagement to address concerns and build consensus.

    2– Balancing the aspirations of different groups and ensuring inclusivity in decision-making processes.

    https://sinaunangpanahon.com/separating-mindanao-from-the-philippines-pros-cons/

    ]]>     2024-05-15 09:52:42 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2993996647     Secession decisions are INCLUSIVE to every Filipino beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994004271 Well even though the majority of Bangsamoro people wanted and supported this decision of having self-governance and to be added in this situation as the former President Duterte and his allies movement for secession is through gathering signatures or the so-called through the power of initiatives. Then, this process is not exclusive for Mindanaons only but for every Filipino since this matter of decision to be made requires Filipinos' unity approval because we are the citizens of this democratic country wherein government supreme power is vested on its people. So, even if the Mindanaons community agrees, the seceding proposal won't still happen because it requires certain numbers of votes from all Filipinos. In accordance with the policy written in our 1987 constitution Article XVII, Section 2 which it's noted that, there is a valid proposal when a proposition has received the approval of at least 3% of the registered voters of each district and 12% of the total number of registered voters nationwide. As of the year 2023 records from COMELEC there are about 91.9 million Filipino registered voters. Furthermore, we have 243 legislative districts with each representing 250,000 people or an entire province. In this case, there must be at least 7,500 or 3% Filipinos agreed to sign about Mindanao secession per district for the seceding to happen. 

    Source from: 

    ]]>     2024-05-15 10:00:20 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994004271     Mindanao can achieve big when they are free of conflict from the PH government beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994006164 ·       Panama - Colombiia

    This focuses on the Economic Growth that 'Republic' of Mindanao can achieve when they are free of conflict from the PH government and functions collectively for the people of Mindanao.

    Majority may not be in favor of the idea, mainly because it's never been done before in the Philippines, however it has its own advantages.

    Mindanao, acc to the Deputy Executive Director of the Mindanao Development authority, “It has shown faster growth than any other region in the country… faster than Manila, faster than Cebu!” said Asec. Romeo Montenegro when highlighting positive economic turns for the region. He followed up by explaining the how the subregional economic initiative, BIMP-EAGA, provides many potential opportunities for Mindanao to open new gateways for ASEAN trade and industry. Asia Society Org.

    However this remains a potential of Mindanao due to the ongoing conflict with the Philippine Government.

    A significantly identical issue is the Secession of Panama from Colombia.

    Acc to Webpage of the Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute

    United States Department of State

    The area that became Panama was part of Colombia until the Panamanians revolted, with U.S. support, in 1903. In 1904, the United States and Panama signed a treaty that allowed the United States to build and operate a canal that traversed Panama. The treaty also gave the United States the right to govern a ten-mile wide Canal Zone that encompassed the waterway, which was completed in 1914. In 1979, the United States transferred control of the Canal Zone to Panama, and in 1999 transferred control and responsibility for the Canal to Panama.

    ·       United States Recognition of Panama, 1903.

    The United States recognized Panama on November 6, 1903, after Panama declared its independence from Colombia. On November 3, 1903, Panamanians had revolted against the Colombian government, declared an independent Republic of Panama, and established a provisional government junta. On November 6, Secretary of State John Hay instructed U.S. Vice-Consul-General at Panama City Felix Ehrman to “enter into relations” with the Government of the Republic of Panama when it appeared to meet conditions of a de facto government having the support of its own people. On the same day, Hay sent Colombian Charge d’Affaires Tomas Herran a copy of a cable dated November 6 in which Hay explained to the U.S. minister at Bogota, Colombia, that the people of Panama had created an independent republican government “with which the…United States…has entered into relations.”

    Simply put, Panama was driven to independency due to Colombia's Failure to administer the isthmus of Panama, Similar to Mindanaos potential for a greater economic development which is hindered by its conflict with & the inadequate support from the Philippine Government.

    https://history.state.gov/countries/panama

    ·       Bangladesh - Pakistan

    This focuses on the Economic Development that 'Republic' of Mindanao can achieve once they are free of conflict from the PH governmenrt and functions collectively for the people of Mindanao.

    The state of Pakistan was physically separated into two parts by the Republic of India: West Pakistan and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Both parts of Pakistan were separated by about 1,000 miles. There was discrimination in the economy and ruling powers that contributed to the growing discontent which ultimately led to the liberation movement and the eventual secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971.

    Bangladesh's secession from Pakistan provided opportunities for self-determination, economic growth, and social progress, allowing the country to chart its own path towards development and prosperity.

    Bangladesh's independence provided greater control over its economic policies and development.

    In support of this, the following renowned personalities gave statements that favor the separation.

    1. According to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Father of the Nation, Bangladesh) "Our struggle for independence was necessary to ensure the rights and dignity of the Bengali people within the framework of a democratic and inclusive society."

    2. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Former Prime Minister of Pakistan): "The injustices faced by the Bengali people were undeniable, and their aspirations for self-governance had to be respected. The creation of Bangladesh was a result of historical circumstances that necessitated a political solution.

    3. United Nations Security Council Resolution 303: "Recognizing the legitimacy of the struggle of the Bengali people for self-determination and independence, and calling for the cessation of hostilities and the peaceful resolution of the conflict."

    https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-independence-of-bangladesh-in-1971/

    ]]>     2024-05-15 10:02:22 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994006164     Fact Check for Secession: Panama and Bangladesh were neglected by their main state but Mindanao as one of the island of the Philippines is difference from this situation. beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994073770 However the cause of Panama's secession from Colombia was mainly because of Colombia's inability to manage the Isthmus. The Isthmus of Panama is considered to be one of the most significant geologic, oceanic, and biogeographic occurrences in history because it enables plant and animal migration across the continents. Because Panama had very little to gain by joining Colombia because sovereignty was valued more highly than concrete ideas like trade in Colombia, especially in Bogota, the home of the central government. Since Panama had repeatedly sought independence, the US government had previously supported the central government of Colombia because it provided greater stability for the Panama Railroad. However, this time, the US government would benefit more from an independent Panama than from the central government of Bogotá and that’s why the US government supported Panama because they also have gained from secession. For Bangladesh secession to Pakistan was because the protest movements in East Pakistan (Bangladesh) eventually resulted from substantial tensions caused by the region's cultural, linguistic, and identity differences as well as the fact that West Pakistan had more political and economic power. West Pakistan and East Pakistan engaged in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. West Pakistan treated Bangladesh poorly for which East Pakistan had more people than West Pakistan but got less money and resources from the government. Additionally, East Pakistan was devastated in November 1970 by Cyclone Bhola. Between three and five million people died, and many more became poor. There were hardly many relief operations from West Pakistan. A lot of people in East Pakistan were depressed and bitter. As a result, there was a rise in civil disobedience, or the refusal to submit to the government, and martial law, or military authority for a certain period of time. These were terrifying and uncertain times for a lot of people. Lastly, in the 1971 election Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the leader of the victorious Awami League Party, favored more autonomy and independence for East Pakistan. Given that East Pakistan had a far higher population than West Pakistan, he easily won the national elections. Rahman was not recognized as the head by the West Pakistani government, which was centralized. The election results were deemed invalid by them. This resulted in Rahman's well-known and moving "Joy Bangla" (or "victory to Bengal"). On March 7, 1971, at a rally attended by thousands of people, he declared Bangladesh to be "independent" which led to war where more civilians were killed and because of this war the establishment of Bangladesh as a country happened. Both Panama and Bangladesh decided to secede because their country was neglected by the main state, there was a war that caused many innocent people to be killed and the unsure safety they had in their land unlike in Mindanao's case our government made an effort and contributed for its development through various proposed projects and help comes from our government, our government also maintain peace and order in their land. 


    Source from: 

    ]]>     2024-05-15 11:10:51 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994073770     Secession: “threatening our territorial integrity outlined in the constitution” beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994075845 The secession of Mindanao from the Philippines is “threatening our territorial integrity outlined in the constitution” according to Justice Antonio Carpio, Retired Supreme Court Senior Associate Justice. So, secession cannot happen because the waters and lands of Mindanao are a part of the Philippines archipelago. Furthermore, written in 1987 Constitution Article 1, Section 1 “The national territorial comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including it's territorial sea, the seabed, the sub oil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.” Meaning the 400 islands group of Mindanao with six administrative regions, 23 provinces, and 30 cities are all part of Philippines archipelago and will always be a part of it. 

    Source from:

    ]]>     2024-05-15 11:12:59 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994075845     The petition is unconstitutional beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994077447 The petition is unconstitutional because there's no provision in our constitution stating and allowing  secession in our country and it fails to comply with the requirement of Article XVII, Section 2 that the initiative must be “directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a petition”. The decision of initiative should be agreed upon by all Filipinos and not just based on the desire of Former President Rodrigo Duterte and his allies. 

    Source from: 

    ]]>     2024-05-15 11:14:33 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994077447     Mindanao secession is a crime against public order beamaemasujer https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994078789 Mindanao secession is a crime against public order, according to Ernesto Neri, Law Professor on his interview at ANC News with his legal expertise he stated “Legally we cannot declare an area of the Philippines separate from the Republic of the Philippines so that is a crime against public order”. Disorderly conduct causing a disturbance to the peace of the general public.

    Source from: 

    ]]>     2024-05-15 11:15:23 UTC https://padlet.com/beamaemasujer/eedlepp5s890rnyc/wish/2994078789