workshop 3 by Юлія Вадимівна Хмель

Old English (c. 450–1066 AD)

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:25:58 UTC

Nouns

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:29:41 UTC

- Gender: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:30:05 UTC

Cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Instrumental (limited use), Vocative (limited use)

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:30:22 UTC

Number: Singular, Plural (and a few dual forms for some pronouns)

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:30:28 UTC

Development: Old English nouns had a rich inflectional morphology with different endings for each case and number.

Verbs

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:32:36 UTC

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:33:20 UTC

- Tense: Present, Past

- Mood: Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative

- Voice: Active, Passive (formed with the verb "beon/wesan" and a past participle)

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:33:48 UTC

- Tense: Present, Past

- Mood: Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative

- Voice: Active, Passive (formed with the verb "beon/wesan" and a past participle)

Adjectives

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:34:54 UTC

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:36:14 UTC

- Degree: Positive, Comparative, Superlative

- Inflection: Agreed with nouns in case, number, and gender

- Development: Adjectives had both strong and weak declensions, used depending on the definiteness of the noun they modified.

Middle English (c. 1066–1500)

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:36:47 UTC

Nouns

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:37:24 UTC

- Gender: Largely lost, with natural gender starting to prevail

- Cases: Nominative and oblique (with genitive case indicated by possessive "’s")

- Number: Singular, Plural (with "-es" becoming a common plural marker)

- Development: The case system was greatly simplified, and gender distinctions based on grammar were reduced.

Verbs

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:38:00 UTC

- Tense: Present, Past

- Mood: Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative

- Voice: Active, Passive (less synthetic, more periphrastic with "be" + past participle)

- Number: Singular, Plural

- Person: First, Second, Third

- Conjugation: Distinction between strong and weak verbs remained but with some leveling of irregular forms

- Development: Verbal inflection was simplified, with the loss of some distinct verb endings and a reduction in non-finite forms' variety.

Adjectives

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:38:26 UTC

- Degree: Positive, Comparative (often "-er"), Superlative (often "-est")

- Inflection: Declension system largely collapsed; adjectives no longer agreed with nouns in case, number, and gender

- Development: Comparative and superlative forms became more regular, and adjectives became largely invariable.

Early Modern English (c. 1500–1700)

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:39:15 UTC

Nouns

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:39:31 UTC

- Gender: Almost entirely natural gender

- Cases: Nominative and Possessive (with possessive "’s" fully established); oblique case merged with nominative

- Number: Singular, Plural (with "-s" or "-es" as the standard plural markers)

- Development: Case distinctions were almost completely lost, and plural forms became more regularized.

Verbs

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:40:11 UTC

- Tense: Present, Past (with the future often indicated by "will" or "shall" + infinitive)

- Mood: Indicative, Subjunctive (becoming less distinct), Imperative

- Voice: Active, Passive (increasingly periphrastic)

- Number: Singular, Plural

- Person: First, Second, Third (with "thou" beginning to fall out of use)

- Conjugation: Continued leveling of strong verb irregularities, with weak verbs becoming the dominant pattern

- Development: Further simplification of verb endings and inflections, along with the beginning of auxiliary verb constructions for complex tenses and aspects.

Adjectives

khmelyuliia — 2024-04-23 02:40:29 UTC

- Degree: Positive, Comparative, Superlative (with a few irregular forms remaining)

- Inflection: Non-existent; adjectives became fully invariable

- Development: Adjectives had no inflection for case or number, and comparison became regularized.