https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj en-us 2022-09-23 20:05:11 UTC 2022-10-07 17:42:52 UTC hello@padlet.com anajuarez6494 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2316380582 The 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act was first established in April 9, 1965 by President Lyndon B. Jackson. The purpose of this law was to fight the "War against poverty" and provide better access towards creating greater opportunities and education to those in low income areas. This law greatly benefited minorities and offered grants towards bilingual education. The ESEA provided a stepping stone towards better and more accessible education towards English learners across the nation. 
https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/elementary-and-secondary-education-act-of-1965/  ]]> 2022-09-27 21:41:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2316380582 anajuarez6494 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2316381634 The National Association for Bilingual Education aka NABE was founded in 1976. The purpose of this organization was to help create better laws, programs, research, etc... to help aid bilingual learners across the nation. Since the beginning they have made important contributions that have benefited bilingual learners. For example, they have advocated for  laws like the 2002 No child left behind act that allowed for dual learning to occur in schools. More recent events that they've advocated is the "Seal of Biliteracy" meaning that a student who has become proficient in another language besides English will receive recognition by receiving a seal in their diploma. In their transcript it will reflect their biliteracy of the other language.  
https://nabe.org/about-nabe/nabe-history/  ]]> 2022-09-27 21:43:02 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2316381634 anajuarez6494 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2316382634 In 1839 Ohio was the First state to pass a bilingual learning law that allowed parents to request for their child to receive German/English dual instruction in the classroom. This caused a chain reaction across different states that allowed similar laws into their state for different languages. For example, Louisiana State allowed for French/ English dual learning in 1847 and by the "End of the 19th century, about a dozen states had passed a similar law."
https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/history-of-bilingual-education/  ]]> 2022-09-27 21:44:22 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2316382634 anajuarez6494 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2316382897 The 2002 No child Left Behind Act was singed by President George B. Bush. This law was an update to the previous 1986 law ESEA towards bilingual education aid. It allowed for the government to be able to gain more control of schools taking accountability for their students success. This law is well know for creating what we know as the standardize test and for promoting more bilingual education. Although they did not reinforce or validate it bilingual education it allowed for more funding to go towards those departments in schools across the nation.
 https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04  ]]> 2022-09-27 21:44:39 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2316382897 anajuarez6494 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321646425 2022-09-30 22:13:14 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321646425 mariareads123 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321728778 Brown v. Board of Education from 1952 was the name for five separate cases that were appealed and heard in the United States Supreme Court regarding the issue of segregation in public schools. Thurgood Marchall, the NAACP, Legal Defense, and Education Fund maniging these cases. While all five were different, they all focused on justice toward the state-sponsored segregation in public schools. Although there were legal issues in court, the most outstanding one was the separate school systems for blacks and whites were unequal and violated the fourteenth amendment causing an impact on many Americans. Segregated school systems caused black children to feel insufficient to white children. Most Justices of the Supreme Court declared they wanted segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. Later in 1953, Justices created a unanimous decision declaring segregation in public schools unconstitutional. In 1954, Chief Justice Warren stated that the separate but equal belief caused facilities to be constitutionally unequal. The court asked those states permitting segregation in public schools to provide plans on how to proceed with desegregation. After about four years of hearings throughout the Courts regarding desegregation, the Justices provided a plan of action for desegregation on May 31, 1955. Although, it would take time for the process to take action in the segregated school systems.


https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/history-brown-v-board-education-re-enactment#:~:text=Board%20of%20Education%20(1954%2C%201955,of%20segregation%20in%20public%20schools. 

]]> 2022-10-01 01:42:00 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321728778 mariareads123 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321730446 In 1981 Castañeda V. Pickard's rights to bilingual education suffered because, in Texas, the Raymondville Independent School District was not addressing the different needs of the English Language Learners (ELL) as EEOA had demanded. The Castañeda standard mandates that programs for language minority students must contain the purpose of learning, resources for each student, and determine whether they are helpful for students to master their language barriers. The Supreme Court of the United States made the decision that had nothing to do with bilingual education. The standard meant to confirm the English Language Acquisition support (Lau) that schools must do something to accommodate the need of the ELL students has become the law in determining the acceptability of the programs for the ELL students.


https://www.colorincolorado.org/article/landmark-court-rulings-regarding-english-language-learners#:~:text=The%20right%20to%20bilingual%20education,as%20mandated%20by%20the%20EEOA. 



]]> 2022-10-01 01:46:39 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321730446 mariareads123 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321732397 In November 2019, the Congressmen reported America’s Languages Caucus has to do with the importance of world languages in education. And offer an opportunity for students and educators interested in studying world languages that can lead to Native American language and English for those non-English speakers. Also, according to the American Academy of Arts and Science Commission on Language Learning, this new law of 2019 was created to help the United States with its national security, have a better economy, and new job opportunities. Lastly, the United States needs more bilingual citizens to help students with their potential growth.
 
https://www.languagemagazine.com/2019/12/02/americas-languages-caucus-is-born/ 

]]> 2022-10-01 01:51:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321732397 mariareads123 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321741626 The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 or the Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was one of the first federal recognition that included LESA students with special education needs and interest in opportunities for equal education. The Bilingual Education Act offered grants to provide schools with different resources and create programs to help students learn the English language.

https://ncela.ed.gov/files/rcd/BE021037/Fall88_6.pdf

]]> 2022-10-01 02:15:43 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321741626 mariareads123 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321743780 2022-10-01 02:21:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321743780 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321771708 This case was argued under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the Equal Education Opportunity Act (EEOA) Puerto Rican parents had created a court case claiming that in the bilingual education program where their children were attending the teachers were not trained to teach bilingual education and felt that their children were being deprived of equal educational opportunities with monolingual English speaking students.  The federal state had established that this was a violation of equal protection of law guaranteed by the 14th amendment to the Constitution. There was a lack of a clearly defined curriculum, there was little teaching, and too many firm guidelines that seemed unfair. The federal office of civil rights ensured that the district had made improvements. This case created new improved standards, policies, and procedures that will create a positive and effective learning environment where ELL students can thrive. 

https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep404071/

]]> 2022-10-01 03:31:53 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321771708 mariareads123 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321772546 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 helped laws end discrimination in education by allowing every student the right to develop academic skills. The law changes created an impact on American education by improving educational opportunities. All barriers preventing women, those with disabilities, and people from choosing their careers no longer existed. Creating equal opportunities took place at a national, state, and local level for all students living in the United States.

https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/impact.html

]]> 2022-10-01 03:34:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321772546 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321783617 The justice director of the US District court of the Eastern District of Texas had order nine school districts to resolve the past history of discrimination that had continued to be hard on the education of minority students in the state. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) had negotiated for the League of United Latin American Citizens to hold the state responsible for providing equal educational opportunities to Latino and ELLs. In 2006 MALDEF had filed against the state for failing to monitor and supervise State’s bilingual and ESL programs. They also challenged the program for secondary students from failing to help those students learn english. In 2007 the justice director had denied the motion and MALDEF told the court to reconsider a year later then found that Texas had violated the rights of ELLs of achievement standards and equal educational opportunity. The State’s intervention monitored the lack of bilinguals and ESL certifications. The court also found that the ESL programs failed to help students learn English under EEOA. The court ordered Texas to submit a new plan by the year 2009. 

https://www.maldef.org/2010/03/united-states-v-state-of-texas/

]]> 2022-10-01 04:06:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321783617 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321786114 This was a lawsuit that was filed by Mexican-American families who were against New Mexico’s Portales school system for discriminatory and had denied equal education opportunities to Spanish-surnamed students. The Portales school district had deprived ESL students of a bilingual education that had violated their statutory and rights to the 14th Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1965. 
https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/serna-v-portales

]]> 2022-10-01 04:15:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321786114 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321787076 East LA Walkout was known to be a call to action for civil rights and access to education for Mexican-American students and Latinos where students protested to demand greater educational opportunities and an end to war in Vietnam. It had inspired students to walk out of their classes to protest inequality in the public education system. The walkouts had inspired the Chicano movement to seek civil rights to be reformed for all students.   
https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/east-la-walkouts

]]> 2022-10-01 04:18:32 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321787076 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321789198 2022-10-01 04:23:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321789198 anajuarez6494 https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321816666 2022-10-01 06:03:32 UTC https://padlet.com/mariareads123/e85hchhixfte5mrj/wish/2321816666