Philosophers:

1. Robert Hutchins

2. Jacques Maritain

3. Mortimer Adler

4. Allan Bloom

   
   

Theoretical Orientation:

• emphasizes enduring ideas and knowledge that transcend time, focusing on teaching students to think critically about these timeless concepts.

• subject-centered, emphasizing the importance of teaching enduring knowledge rather than transient information.

Educational Values:

•  cultivate intellectual rigor and moral understanding, guiding students to engage with the Great Works of literature, philosophy, and science that have shaped human thought.       

Educational Process:

• Curriculum is designed to be Universal focusing on subjects that reflect the essential nature of humanity.

• Instruction: Dialogue and Discussion. Encouraging students to engage with classic texts and ideas critically.

• Teaching Method: Socratic

Teacher Role:

• Facilatator of knowledge

• Students are expected to be knowledgeable about the classics

• Teacher’s challenge students intellectually to help develop their reasoning and analytic skills.

Student Role:

• Students are Active Participants in learning.

• Students will take responsibility for their learning by grappling with profound questions and developing their understanding of universal truths

  
  

1. Socrates

2. Plato

3. Aristotle

Theoretical Orientation:

• teacher-centered educational philosophy

• emphasizes the importance of teaching students the fundamental knowledge and skills necessary for effective citizenship and personal development.

• subject-centered approach, focusing on core academic subjects such as reading, writing, mathematics, and the sciences, which are deemed essential for all students to master.

Educational Values:

• instill basic academic knowledge and character development 

•  Essentialists argue that a well-rounded education should prepare students to be productive members of society by equipping them with the essential skills needed for life after school.

Educational Process:

• curriculum is designed to focus on traditional subjects that are considered foundational.

• Instruction:  structured and systematic, with an emphasis on mastery of essential skills through direct teaching methods

• Assessment: standardized testing to ensure that students have acquired the necessary knowledge.

  
  

Teacher Role:

• Ensure students grasp the fundamental concepts and skills, often through direct instruction and clear expectations.

• Teachers are seen as authoritative figures who deliver content and guide students through the learning process.

• Teachers are expected to have a strong background in the liberal arts, sciences, or humanities, allowing them to effectively teach the essential subjects

Student Role:

• Students are active learners who engage with the material presented to them.

• Students are encouraged to take responsibility for their learning by participating in class discussions and completing assignments that reinforce their understanding of the core subjects

1. John B. Watson

2. B.F. Skinner

3. Ivan Pavlov

4. Edward Lee Thorndike

Theoretical Orientation

• behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment.

• emphasizes observable behaviors focusing on how external stimuli can shape and modify behavior.

• learning occurs through conditioning, either classical or operant, where responses to stimuli are reinforced or punished to shape future behavior

Educational Process:

• instruction is typically structured and systematic

• Techniques such as positive reinforcement (rewarding desired behaviors) and negative reinforcement (removing unpleasant stimuli) are commonly employed to encourage student engagement and mastery of content.

Teacher Role:

• teachers act as Directors of Learning

• responsible for creating an environment conducive to learning and for delivering content in a clear and structured manner.

• utilize various reinforcement strategies to shape student behavior and ensure that learning objectives are met.

  
  

  Student Role:

• students are Active Participants

• expected to follow instructions, complete tasks, demonstrate mastery of skills through observable actions

  
  

  
  

1. Socrates

2. Plato

3. Aristotle

Theoretical Orientation:

• life philosophy that highlights the significance of recognizing the "whole" person and appreciating the unique qualities inherent in each individual

Educational Values:

• the belief of the intrinsic worth of each individual and the importance of fostering a sense of community and social responsibility

• nurtures critical thinking, creativity, and emotional intelligence, aiming to develop well-rounded individuals who can contribute positively to society

Educational Process:

• curriculum: flexible and responsive to the needs and interests of students

• learning is experiential, encouraging students to engage in projects, discussions, and collaborative activities that promote personal and social development

• assessment is formative, focusing on individual progress and self-reflection rather than standardized testing

  
  

Teacher Role:

• teachers act as facilitators and guides

  
  

Student Role:

• students are active participants in their education, responsible for their own learning journey

• encouraged to express their thoughts and feelings, engage in self-directed learning, and collaborate with peers

1. John Dewey

Theoretical Orientation

• focuses on real-world problem-solving activities

• student-centered philosophy of education rooted in pragmatism

  
  

Educational Process:

• focused on providing students with real-world experiences that are meaningful and relevant to them rather than rigid subject-matter content

• key instructional methods include: group work and the project method.

  
  

Teacher Role:

• teachers act as guide and a facilitator

• the teacher needs to guide the students in “learning how to learn”

• the teacher acts as a collaborative partner

  
  

  Student Role:

• students take more active role in the learning process.

• interact with their environment

• working together to solve problems

• engaging in cooperative ideas

  
  

1. Lev Vygotsky

2. John Piaget

3. John Dewey

   
   

Theoretical Orientation

• learners build their own understanding

• learners reflect on their experiences, create mental representations and incorporate new knowledge into their schemas

  
  

  
  

Educational Values:

• Constructivism is ‘an approach to learning that holds that people actively construct or make their own knowledge and that reality is determined by the experiences of the learner’ (Elliott et al., 2000, p. 256)

• aim to assist students in assimilating new information to existing knowledge, and enabling them to make the appropriate modifications to their existing intellectual framework to accommodate that information

Educational Process:

• Scaffolding is a key feature of effective teaching

• It is a way of teaching where instead of just telling students what to believe, teachers encourage them to think for themselves

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Teacher Role:

• teacher acts as a facilitator of learning rather than an instructor

• The teacher makes sure he/she understands the students” preexisting conceptions, and guides the activity to address them and then build on them (Oliver, 2000).

• The primary responsibility of the teacher is to create a collaborative problem-solving environment where students become active participants in their own learning

  
  

  Student Role:

• Students are active participants in constructing their own understanding and knowledge

  
  

1. Jean Piaget

Theoretical Orientation:

• knowledge is not static but is instead shaped by experiences and interactions within the world

• advocates for a focus on practical outcomes and real-world applications of knowledge, suggesting that ideas should be evaluated based on their effectiveness and utility in solving problems

Educational Values:

• experiential learning

• adaptability

• growth

• alues the process of inquiry and encourages students to engage with their environment, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills

  
  

Educational Process:

• learning is hands-on and collaborative

• curriculum is designed to be flexible and responsive to students' interests and needs

• Assessment is typically formative, focusing on students' ability to apply their knowledge in practical contexts

  
  

Teacher Role:

• Teachers in a pragmatist framework act as facilitators and co-learners

  
  

Student Role:

• Students are active participants in the learning process

   

• focuses on the importance of personal experience and self-discovery, advocating for an education that allows individuals to explore their own values and meanings in life

• recognizes the complexity of human existence and the need for students to find their own paths in a world that can often seem absurd or chaotic

  
  

Educational Values:

• authenticity

• individual freedom

• personal responsibility

  
  

Educational Process:

• learning is open-ended and reflective

• curriculum is designed to be flexible, allowing students to explore topics that resonate with their interests and experiences

Teacher Role:

• Teachers act as guides and mentors

  
  

Student Role:

• Students are active agents in their education