Research Stream 2 by Triniti Muehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p Triniti Muehlberg, Alaina Valdez, Tina Tran, Tahmina Petrosyan en-us 2021-11-30 16:21:35 UTC 2025-12-03 18:17:23 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f52c.png trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1902544166 Vaccines are effective in eliminating infectious diseases, and estimate to avoid 2 to 3 million deaths each year. (PMC, Gianluca Voglino, 2019 February 20.) - Tahmina P]]> 2021-11-19 17:01:12 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1902544166 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1902545944 If parents decline immunizations after being counseled about the evidence for vaccine safety and efficacy, their decision would usually be respected; parents give the consent. (BMJ Journals, Dominic Wilkinson, 2021) - Tahmina P]]> 2021-11-19 17:02:05 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1902545944 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1902546937 What are some types of vaccines?
(MedLine Plus)
  • Live-attenuated vaccines use a weakened form of the germ
  • Inactivated vaccines use a killed version of the germ
  • Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use only specific pieces of the germ, such as its protein, sugar, or casing
  • Toxoid vaccines that use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ
  • mRNA vaccines use messenger RNA, which gives your cells instructions for how to make a protein (or piece of a protein) of the germ
  • Viral vector vaccines use genetic material, which gives your cells instructions for making a protein of the germ. These vaccines also contain a different, harmless virus that helps get the genetic material into your cells.
- Tina T

]]> 2021-11-19 17:02:36 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1902546937 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1902547368 "The introduction of mandatory vaccination policies remains strongly debated: among healthcare workers, some mandatory vaccinations, such as Hepatitis B, are generally accepted,10,11 although their benefits and the ethical issues they pose are still widely discussed..." (BMJ Journals, Dominic Wilkinson, 2021) - Tahmina P]]> 2021-11-19 17:02:49 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1902547368 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1902547965


34,300 cases of Measles in 42 countries across the European region in 2019. (SAGE Journals, Laura Williamson, 2021) - Tina T 

"According to another recent survey of 2600 parents by the Royal Society for Public Health, 21% of parents in the UK thought that the MMR vaccine was likely to cause unwanted side-effects and 10% of parents decided not to give the vaccine to their child" (SAGE Journals, J Kennedy, 2020). -Tina T


]]> 2021-11-19 17:03:06 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1902547965 tahminapetrosyan https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918392688 -Tahmina Petrosyan]]> 2021-11-29 16:38:50 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918392688 tahminapetrosyan https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918400499 -Tahmina Petrosyan]]> 2021-11-29 16:41:42 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918400499 tahminapetrosyan https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918402285 -Alaina Valdez]]> 2021-11-29 16:42:23 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918402285 tinatran8 https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918406147 - Tina Tran]]> 2021-11-29 16:43:51 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918406147 tinatran8 https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918409405 - Tina Tran]]> 2021-11-29 16:45:04 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918409405 tinatran8 https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918412747 -Tina Tran]]> 2021-11-29 16:46:17 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918412747 alainavaldez https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918422251 -Alaina Valdez]]> 2021-11-29 16:49:44 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918422251 https://vaccines.procon.org/ alainavaldez https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918423933 -Alaina Valdez

]]> 2021-11-29 16:50:20 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1918423933 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1920839048 - Triniti Muehlberg]]> 2021-11-30 16:29:06 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1920839048 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1920840661 - Triniti Muehlberg]]> 2021-11-30 16:29:50 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1920840661 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1920845046 - Triniti Muehlberg]]> 2021-11-30 16:31:29 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1920845046 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1921914576 "Simple slopes: Influence of treatment on level of anger, depending on the attitude towards vaccination. Note: Individuals with a relatively negative vaccination attitude felt angry after being forced to vaccinate [simple slope: B = 1.32, SE = 0.22, 95% BC CI (0.87, 1.76), continuous line]. This effect is much weaker and not significant for individuals with a positive vaccination attitude [simple slope: B = 0.30, SE = 0.22, 95% BC CI (−0.13, 0.74); dashed line]" (European Journal of Public Health, Cornelia Betsch, 2015) - Triniti Muehlberg]]> 2021-12-01 03:14:44 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1921914576 tahminapetrosyan https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1925507515 Regardless of age, parents always consented to vaccinations for their children. Recently, children the age of 16 who are old enough to understand immunization can consent to their own vaccinations weather its if is because they want it and their parents don't, or if they don't want it and their parents do.(BMJ Journals, Dominic Wilkinson,2021) - Tahmina P]]> 2021-12-02 16:01:50 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1925507515 tahminapetrosyan https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1925514950 "Rarely vaccination may proceed against parental wishes; for example, for a child in care, or a child at particularly high risk from a specific infection..." (BMJ Journals, Dominic Wilkinson, 2021) - Tahmina Petrosyan]]> 2021-12-02 16:05:02 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1925514950 tinatran8 https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927879637 "...informed consent is always sought from a caregiver with parental responsibility prior to significant medical interventions" (BMJ Journals, Dominic Wilkinson, 2021).  - Tina Tran ]]> 2021-12-03 17:53:52 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927879637 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927924748 "In one survey, 54% of pediatrician respondents indicated they had encountered one or more families who opposed all vaccines" ( AJPH, Kristin S. Hendrix, 2016). - Triniti Muehlberg]]> 2021-12-03 18:20:07 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927924748 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927926811 "Ethical issues also underlie the emerging body of research on how best to communicate with vaccine-hesitant and vaccine-opposing families" ( AJPH, Kristin S. Hendrix, 2016). - Triniti Muehlberg]]> 2021-12-03 18:21:19 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927926811 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927928739 "Advocates of compulsory vaccination emphasize a child’s right to receive the best possible health care, the community’s right to be protected from vaccine-preventable diseases by means of herd immunity or healthcare workers’ duty to protect potentially immune-compromised patients." (European Journal of Public Health, Cornelia Betsch, 2015) - Triniti Muehlberg]]> 2021-12-03 18:22:27 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927928739 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927929821 "The American Academy of Pediatrics states that “most childhood vaccines are 90%-99% effective in preventing disease.”' (Pros & Cons, procon.org, 2021)- Alaina V]]> 2021-12-03 18:23:01 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927929821 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927930591 Helps protect ourselves and children against ill health such as measles. (SAGE Journals, J Kennedy, 2020) - Tina T]]> 2021-12-03 18:23:31 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927930591 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927932058 "Moreover, some parents may resist vaccines rather than all vaccines. They may mistakenly believe that vaccination is appropriate for other but not for their children or family." ( AJPH, Kristin S. Hendrix, 2016). - Triniti Muehlberg]]> 2021-12-03 18:24:18 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927932058 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927932761 "Advocates of voluntary vaccination, on the contrary, underline the right of parents to rear their children according to their own standards, the fact that compulsory vaccination undermines people’s bodily integrity and autonomy, as well as the principle of non-maleficence." (European Journal of Public Health, Cornelia Betsch, 2015) - Triniti Muehlberg]]> 2021-12-03 18:24:43 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927932761 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927933287 "According to the CDC, all vaccines carry a risk of a life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) in about one per million children. The rotavirus vaccination can cause intussusception, a type of bowel blockage that may require hospitalization, in about one per 20,000 babies in the United States." (Pros & Cons, procon.org, 2021)- Alaina V]]> 2021-12-03 18:24:59 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927933287 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927933927 "Before mandating vaccination, the effect on parental beliefs should be understood" (ScienceDirect, Louise E. Smith, 2021). - Tina T ]]> 2021-12-03 18:25:20 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927933927 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927934716 "The reasons for hesitancy and vaccine rejection are complex but include: religious and philosophical objections; concerns about vaccine safety; parents feeling they need more information" (SAGE Journals, Laura Williamson, 2021). - Tina T]]> 2021-12-03 18:25:47 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927934716 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927935142 Policies that pressurize parents to vaccinate their children can undermine clinical ethic standards. (SAGE Journals, Laura Williamson, 2021) - Tina T]]> 2021-12-03 18:26:03 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927935142 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927935812 "We focus on a few key ethical issues concerning childhood immunization in the United States - what we refer to as a 'vaccine ethics' approach - and describe how such an approach affects policy development and clinical immunization practice." ( AJPH, Kristin S. Hendrix, 2016). - Triniti Muehlberg]]> 2021-12-03 18:26:27 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927935812 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927937579 "Childhood immunization involves a balance between parents’ autonomy in deciding whether to immunize their children and the benefits to public health from mandating vaccines." (Am J Public Health, Kristin S. Hendrix, 2016) - Triniti Muehlberg]]> 2021-12-03 18:27:27 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1927937579 trinitimuehlberg https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1928089827 What are vaccines necessarily?
Vaccines are injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays that help your body recognize and defend harmful bacteria. - Tina T ]]> 2021-12-03 20:08:15 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1928089827 alainavaldez https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1929006285 "All ingredients of vaccines play necessary roles either in making the vaccine, triggering the body to develop immunity, or in ensuring that the final product is safe and effective. " (CDC, 2019)
These include:  Adjuvants, Stabilizers, Formaldehyde, and Thimerosal.
-Alaina Valdez ]]> 2021-12-04 20:09:42 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1929006285 alainavaldez https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1929007900 "Like any medicine, vaccines can cause side effects such as a low-grade fever, or pain and redness at injection site. Mild reactions go away within a few days on their own. Severe, long lasting side effects are extremely rare." (CDC, 2019)
-Alaina Valdez]]> 2021-12-04 20:13:01 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1929007900 alainavaldez https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1929008966 "Vaccines have proven to be effective tools for controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases and are estimated to avoid between 2 and 3 million deaths each year. With clearly defined target groups, they are among the most cost-effective health investments, and evidence-based strategies allow them to be accessible to even the most hard-to-reach and vulnerable populations." (Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards compulsory vaccination: a systematic review, MR Gualano, E Olivero, G Voglino, M Corezzi, P Rossello, C Vicentini, F Bert, and R Siliquini, 2019)

-Alaina Valdez
]]> 2021-12-04 20:15:52 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1929008966 alainavaldez https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1929011934 "Currently, many countries are dealing with groups refusing available recommended vaccinations for themselves and/or their children. This issue has created a need for national immunization programs to develop approaches and strategies to address vaccine hesitancy, including the introduction of compulsory vaccination. Investigating attitudes towards mandatory vaccination may help to more effectively implement vaccination programs. An increasing number of studies carried out in different countries address this topic, which emphasizes how this issue is gaining attention, especially in Europe (12 studies) and North America (10 studies). (Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards compulsory vaccination: a systematic review, MR Gualano, E Olivero, G Voglino, M Corezzi, P Rossello, C Vicentini, F Bert, and R Siliquini, 2019)
- Alaina Valdez]]> 2021-12-04 20:22:16 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1929011934 tahminapetrosyan https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1936527784 -Tahmina Petrosyan]]> 2021-12-08 18:18:59 UTC https://padlet.com/trinitimuehlberg/e3sjn8cxplz6eo2p/wish/1936527784