https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz Leptospirosis en-us 2019-10-01 13:27:07 UTC 2019-12-22 10:33:44 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/91810442/4eab4ab0d7f4cb776574703dd4e24fd6/giraffe_icon.svg syamimienurul98 https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426481857 Rabies is RNA virus that infect mammals 
Rabies is bullet shape virus
Rabies target nervous cell
Rabies can cause paralysis because it target the brain as the brain control all the body
Rabies reservoir is bat 
Rabies only can be transmitted through direct contact of the infected animal saliva.]]> 2019-12-22 04:39:17 UTC https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426481857 syamimienurul98 https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426481907 what is the type of vaccine available
how the virus infect the brain
what is the mechanism of immune system if this virus]]> 2019-12-22 04:40:10 UTC https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426481907 syamimienurul98 https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426481913 Rabies is a single stranded negative RNA and come from Rhabdoviridae family. The available vaccine is inactivated killed vaccine in adjuvant. Type of adjuvant that is being used are Aluminium Hydroxide (Rabisin) and Aluminium Phosphate (Nobivac). It being administered through IM or SC. Primary vaccination being given at 12 weeks age .

Rabies can be detected with several Diagnostic Assay which are PM sample tested with FAT (gold standard). The PM sample is being taken from brain (thalamus, pons, medulla), salivary gland, skin and corneal impression smear. Next, Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, RT_PCR and histology. If all of this Diagnostic Assay result are negative, the cell culture test and mouse inoculation. 

The immupathogenesis of rabies is started with the inoculation of the virus through]]> 2019-12-22 04:40:17 UTC https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426481913 shazringhafur https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426488048 Avian influenza is categorized into two categories which are high and low pathogenic. H5N1 is under high pathogenic avian influenza and can cause death. H5N1 is under family of orthomyxoviridae and genus of Influenza virus A (subtype H5N1). Virions are sensitive to heat, lipid solvent, non-ionic detergent, formaldehyde and oxidising agent. ]]> 2019-12-22 06:49:35 UTC https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426488048 shazringhafur https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426488115 how to detect H5N1 
immunity against H5N1
advantages and disadvantages od vaccination against H5N1 ]]> 2019-12-22 06:50:59 UTC https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426488115 shazringhafur https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426488183 Serology test that can be done to indicate H5N1 are ELISA, HA&HI and RT-PCR. HA&HI recommended to be done on field on field compare to others, and it also have the cheapest price among others. But, the most specific outcome to indicate H5N1 is RT-PCR. 
Immunity involving are innate and adaptive. Innate immunity take place by NK cell which functioning in killed the infected cell and released IFN-1 to protect the uninfected cell. Adaptive immunity can be categorized into two which is humoral and cell mediated immunity. Humoral take place when the virus infect the cell intracellularly which will further cause CMI to take place. 
Advantages of vaccination against H5N1 are can reduced spread to unaffected area while the disadvantages of vaccine are expensive, difficult to do DIVA, there are risk in unsuccessful vaccination.]]> 2019-12-22 06:52:55 UTC https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426488183 shazringhafur https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426496055 Leptospirosis can a bacteria that can cause harmful infection in living organism. There are few vaccine available. Usually use Microspopic Agglutination Test (MAT) to detect different type of serovars.]]> 2019-12-22 10:31:41 UTC https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426496055 shazringhafur https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426496092 What kind of vaccine available? What kind of test is recommended? How immunity against leptospira works? What kind of test that can detect different kind of serovars?]]> 2019-12-22 10:32:44 UTC https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426496092 shazringhafur https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426496131 There are few common pathogenic leptospira in dog such as L.interogens serovars pomana, L.interogans serovar icterohaemorrhagae, L.interogans serovar canicola and L.kirschneri serovar grippotoyphosa.
In diagnosis assay, usually Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) is use to detect different type of serovar in every species. For MAT, it performed by using serum that have antibody in it with various serovars of leptospires. MAT titer is obtained by testing various serum dilutions with the positive serovars. It is complecated and time consuming. It require a large number of serovar as antigen. It is low sensitivity. This test can be supported by using other test such as ELISA and PCR. For PCR, it help to detect DNA. It is sensitive and specific. It can detect infection early and effective complementary test.
There are two type kind vaccine available which is conventional and recombinant. For conventional, the example of monovalent vaccine is Nobivac Lepto 1 meanwhile for polyvalent such as vanguard L4, Nobivac Lepto 4 and Biocan LR. Besides, for the recombinant vaccine available are Recombitek C6 and Recombinant outer membrane protein.Recombitek C6 is commercially used in Malaysia and use conarypox as a vector.
Immunity against leptospira is more to humoral immunity. It starts with specific antibody produced are against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of leptospira. For example immunoglobulin G (igG) and anti-complement receptor type 3 antibody such as anti CR3 antibody and anti CD116/CD18 antibody. For the igG, the first response is that the presence of igG will cause a opsonication of leptospira by nuetrophil and macrophage. It also can activate classical pathway of complement system which will produce opsonins such as IC3b that will cause phagocytosis will occur. It will cause of agglutination of leptospires. Besides, anti-complement receptor type 3 antibody will cause protection against disease via passive immunization with monoclonal or polyclonal anti LPS antibody.
Dark Field Microscopy (DFM) can visualize leptospirosis but it is lack of sensitivity and specificity. IgM ELISA most widely used but IgM cannot be detected in early stages of infection. Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) is a gold standard and can differentiate different type of serovar but it is less sensitive in early phase of disease. For Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), it can detect the DNA and direct in acute cases. But it is expensive reagent, requires large quality of DNA and cannot detect the infecting serovar.]]> 2019-12-22 10:33:29 UTC https://padlet.com/syamimienurul98/e2gqhfhitpbz/wish/426496131