Hearing & Vision by Andreanna Lynch

alynch1575 — 2021-03-29 20:55:18 UTC

Light first enters the eye through the cornea--the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye.
The light then passes through the pupil (the dark circle in the center of the eye). The iris (the colored part of the eye) controls the amount of light that passes through.
From there, it then hits the lens. The lens is the clear structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina.
After hitting the lens, the light passes through the vitreous humor--the clear, jelly-like substance that fills the center of the eye. This fluid helps the eye hold it's shape.
Next, the light reaches the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive nerve layer that lines the back of the eye. This is where the image is inverted.
Finally, the optic nerve is responsible for carrying the signals to the visual cortex of the brain. The visual cortex turns the signals into images (which is our vision--what we see).

(Stanford Children's Health)

alynch1575 — 2021-03-29 21:00:51 UTC

Allen, E. K., & Cowdery, G. E. (2014). The Exceptional Child: Inclusion in Early Childhood Education (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.

| Audiology / Otolaryngology | Head and Neck Surgery | At UCSF. (n.d.). UCSF.EDU. Retrieved March 30, 2021, from https://ohns.ucsf.edu/audiology/education/peds

Stanford Children’s Health. (2021). Stanford Children’s Health. https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=normal-vision-90-P02094

Your Ears (for Kids) - Nemours KidsHealth. (2021). Kids Health. https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/ears.html

alynch1575 — 2021-03-29 21:07:32 UTC

1. Blind - Visual loss is severe enough that it is not possible to read print.

2. Low vision- Child can read large print or possibly regular print under special conditions.

3. Total blindness- Inability to distinguish between light and dark.

*Vision problems can include physical and muscular abnormalities.

How Does a Vision Impairment Impact the Development of a Young Child?

alynch1575 — 2021-03-29 21:10:00 UTC

Can impact language, cognitive, and social development

- If the child cannot see objects they can have trouble learning the meaning of spoken word--children need to explore concrete objects to learn the meaning of things.

- Can delay walking

- Can delay the child's ability to localize sound.

- Child may have difficulty with spacial awareness of themselves and objects around them.

- The child may be quiet and passive.

- The child may be unable to participate in interactions that build social skills.

- The child's play skills may develop more slowly

- Caregivers may have a difficult time interacting with the child due to the lack of responsiveness during interactions (example: child does not smile back or respond verbally/physically)

(Allen & Cowdery 2014)

alynch1575 — 2021-03-29 21:26:34 UTC

The Outer Ear:
Made up of the Pinna: the Pinna collects sounds and funnels them down the ear canal, leading to the middle ear.

The Middle Ear:
An air-filled cavity that turns sound waves into vibrations and delivers them to the inner ear. The eardrum separates the middle ear and outer ear. When sound hits the eardrum it vibrates ossicles in the middle ear.

The Inner Ear:
The vibrations from the middle ear change into nerve signals in the inner ear. These signals travel to the brain along the auditory nerve.

(Kids Health)

How Does Hearing Loss and Deafness Impact the Development of a Young Child?

alynch1575 — 2021-03-30 13:23:27 UTC

Can have definite effects on social, cognitive, and language development.

- A child who cannot hear sounds many not during the critical period may never be able to make those sounds-- Can cause delayed speach.

- Adults/ other children may stop speaking to the child because the child may not respond back.

- If children are behind in language skills, they are more than likely going to be delayed cognitively as well.

- The child may be shy and withdrawn.

- The child may have low self esteem, be impulsive, or agressive.

- Child may have difficulty making friends or joining conversations.

(Allen & Cowdery, 2014)

Types of Hearing Loss

alynch1575 — 2021-03-30 13:24:15 UTC

Deafness- a hearing loss so severe that the person cannot process spoken language even with amplification devices.

Hard of hearing- a lesser loss, but one that has a definite effect on social, cognitive, and language development.

- Conductive hearing loss: a loss in the outer or middle ear

- Sensorineural hearing loss- a loss in the inner ear (cochlea)

- Central deafness: a loss in the higher auditory cortex

- Combined loss: a loss in two or more of the above

alynch1575 — 2021-03-30 13:34:47 UTC

Language

a code or symbol system that enables individuals to express ideas and communicate them to others who use the same code.

–Syntax—grammar.

–Semantics—word meaning.

Communication

exchange of thoughts and ideas, feelings, emotions, likes, and dislikes

-Way of conveying a message

-Communication can be conveyed in many forms: written, spoken, Non-verbal: gestures & body language, sign language, printed word/ written communication

*We use language to communicate!

Time Line

alynch1575 — 2021-03-30 13:43:12 UTC

Birth to 3 Months

Quiets to familiar sounds or voices
Reacts/startles to loud sounds
Makes cooing noises

3 to 6 Months

Attempts to localize sounds with head or eyes
Starts to make simple speech sounds

6 to 9 Months

Responds to “no” and own name
Babbles

9 to 12 Months

Imitates speech sounds
Turns head to soft sounds
Understands simple words like “mom,” “milk,” “ball”
First words emerge

12 to 18 Months

Follows simple directions, like “get the ball”
Points to people or objects when asked
Continues to learn new words
Uses 10 or more words

18 to 24 Months

Uses 20 or more words
Combines words into short phrases
Listens to simple stories or songs

2 to 3 Years

Uses 2-3 word sentences
At 2 years, people can understand what the child says 25-50% of the time
At 3 years, people can understand what the child says 50-75% of the time
Follows multiple step directions

3 to 4 Years

Processes complex sentences
Can retell stories with detail (e.g. 5 sentences)

(UCSF)

alynch1575 — 2021-03-30 13:59:25 UTC

- Nonverbal Communication: respond to body language

-Use gestures, pictures, signs, and symbols to communicate

-Voice synthesizer

-Picture Exchange Communication System

-Sign Language

-Arrange the learning environment to promote language in children

-Post pictures and words above objects in the classroom

-Allow children time to share ideas

-TALK with students

-Ask open-ended questions

-Incorporate music

-If a child does not use the correct grammar when speaking or writing, ask them how it sounds and then model for them the correct way.

Tools to Use as an Educator

alynch1575 — 2021-03-30 19:31:55 UTC

Sound Banana
"Speech banana” is a term used to describe the area where most sounds of average conversational speech occur"

-The Sound Banana is a tool that allows educators, physicians, etc to identify sounds that a person can and cannot hear based on hearing thresholds. The results can determine the types of sounds and the pitch of sounds that the individual can hear. With the results, interventions can be determined.

alynch1575 — 2021-03-30 19:57:28 UTC

1. Speech Apraxia- the child has difficulty making accurate movements when speaking--the bathways between speech muscles and the brain do not make the connection as they should.

2. Stuttering-

3. Lisping

4. Articulation errors such as:

–Omissions—leaving out sounds.

–Substitutions—interchanging sounds.

–Additions—inserting sounds not part of the word.

–Distortions—deviations in speech sounds

5. Dysarthria- symptom of nerve/muscle damage:
"slurred speech, slowed speech, limited tongue, jaw, or lip movement, abnormal rhythm and pitch when speaking, changes in voice quality, difficulty articulating, labored speech, and other related symptoms."