/ The conflict between Turkey and Armenia mainly alludes to the Turkish–Armenian War, which occurred from September 24 to December 2, in 1920. This war was fought between the First Republic of Armenia, in addition to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk led the Assembly. It resulted from many territorial disputes after World War I and the Ottoman Empire's downfall. The Treaty of Sèvres (1920), imposed by the Allied powers, targeted to divide several Ottoman territories and awarded meaningful portions of eastern Anatolia to Armenia, which the newly forming Turkish nationalist movement rejected. This conflict was mostly from a broad attempt by Turkish troops to get back power of lands fought over. 

/ The war officially began on September 24, in 1920, when Turkish forces launched an offensive into Armenian-held territory, specifically targeting the provinces of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır. Under Kazım Karabekir, the Turkish nationalist movement sought the reversal of Armenian gains by way of earlier conflicts. It sought land reclamation, in addition to what was promised for Armenia under the Treaty of Sèvres. The Armenian forces, still recovering from the devastation of World War I as well as the Armenian Genocide, were scarcely equipped to resist the Turkish advance. The Turkish military had totally seized Kars, a vital planned city, by late October 1920, and Armenia was mostly under Turkish grip by November. 

Is the causes that started this war worth the lost resources:

1. Causes of the Conflict

The historical tensions between Turkey and Armenia stem mainly from:

• The Armenian Genocide (1915-1917): The Ottoman Empire, fearing Armenian collaboration with Russia during World War I, forcibly deported and massacred up to 1.5 million Armenians. This remains a key point of contention between modern Turkey and Armenia.

• Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict (1988-Present): Although the conflict is primarily between Armenia and Azerbaijan, Turkey has played a significant role in supporting Azerbaijan. This stems from ethnic, political, and strategic alliances.

2. Was it Worth the Lost Resources?

• Human Lives: The Armenian Genocide resulted in massive civilian casualties, while the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has displaced thousands.

• Economic Costs: Armenia and Turkey still do not have open borders, limiting trade and economic growth for both nations.

• Geopolitical Consequences: The conflicts have affected regional stability, international relations, and Turkey’s global reputation.

Conceptual  

Can two different systems of power collaborate together? :

1. Historical Examples of Collaboration Between Different Systems of Power

• USA (Democracy) & USSR (Communism) during WWII: Despite their ideological opposition, they worked together to defeat Nazi Germany.

• China (Communist) & Western Capitalist Economies: China has integrated into the global market while maintaining a one-party political system, showing economic collaboration despite political differences.

• Turkey (Secular Nationalism) & Azerbaijan (Authoritarianism): They collaborate closely in military and economic fields despite differences in governance.

2. Challenges to Collaboration

• Conflicting Interests: Different political ideologies and economic priorities can cause tension.

• Power Struggles: Each side wants to maintain dominance or influence in the relationship.

• Trust Issues: History of conflict or rivalry can limit cooperation.

3. Application to Turkey-Armenia Conflict

• The two nations have different political and historical perspectives, making cooperation difficult.

• Despite past hostilities, there have been attempts at peace agreements and economic discussions.

• External mediators (e.g., Russia, EU) have tried to bridge the gap between their opposing systems.

Debatable  

What is the process that a System of Power uses to win a war: 

1. Key Processes Used to Win a War

Different systems of power (democracies, authoritarian regimes, empires) follow a general pattern in war:

A. Military Strategy & Tactics

• Conventional Warfare: Using armies, navies, and air forces to overpower the enemy.

• Asymmetric Warfare: Guerrilla tactics, cyber warfare, and unconventional attacks.

• Alliances & Coalitions: Working with other nations to strengthen military power.
  (Example: Turkey’s military support for Azerbaijan in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.)

B. Political Influence & Propaganda

• Nationalism & Morale: Governments rally public support through propaganda.

• Diplomatic Pressure: Systems of power use international organizations (UN, NATO) to gain legitimacy.

• Psy-Ops (Psychological Warfare): Misinformation, cyber-attacks, and media control to manipulate enemy morale.
  (Example: Turkey’s government uses media to shape the narrative about its role in conflicts.)

C. Economic Strength & Resource Management

• Industrial Power: Mass-producing weapons and supplies.

• Trade & Sanctions: Cutting off enemy resources while securing alliances.
  (Example: Turkey's drone technology helped Azerbaijan in the war, giving them a technological advantage.)

D. Post-War Control & Peace Agreements

• Occupation & Reconstruction: Controlling the defeated area or influencing its politics.

• Negotiations & Peace Treaties: Setting terms that ensure long-term dominance.

Sources i use:

https://www.britannica.com/event/Armenian-Genocide

https://www.mfa.gov.tr/the-events-of-1915-and-the-turkish-armenian-controversy-over-history_-an-overview.en.mfa

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11775406/

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/world-war-i-and-the-armenian-genocide

https://www.armenian-genocide.org/ottoman.html

1. Armenian Soldiers in the Ottoman Army Before the Genocide

Before 1915, thousands of Armenians served in the Ottoman military. However, during World War I, most Armenian soldiers were disarmed, reassigned to labor battalions, and later executed in mass killings.

2. Secret Resistance and Armenian Revenge Operations

• Some Armenians fought back against Ottoman forces, particularly in Van (1915), where local Armenians held out against the Ottoman military until Russian forces arrived.

• After the genocide, a secret group called Operation Nemesis (1920-1922) assassinated key Ottoman officials responsible for planning the genocide, including Talaat Pasha, the former Ottoman Grand Vizier.

3. Turkey and Armenia Almost Normalized Relations in 2009

• In 2009, Turkey and Armenia signed the Zurich Protocols to establish diplomatic relations and open their borders. However, due to political pressure from Azerbaijan and nationalists in both countries, the agreement was never implemented.

4. Turkey’s Role in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War

• Turkey provided Bayraktar TB2 drones to Azerbaijan, which played a crucial role in defeating Armenian forces.

• Turkey also deployed Syrian mercenaries to fight on Azerbaijan’s side, according to international reports.

5. Soviet Control Over Armenia Prevented Further War

• After the genocide, Armenia briefly became independent (1918-1920) but was invaded by Soviet Russia and turned into a Soviet Republic.

• Soviet control prevented Turkey from further conflict with Armenia for most of the 20th century.

6. The Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem

• Many genocide survivors settled in Jerusalem, forming an Armenian Quarter in the Old City that still exists today.

7. The Conflict Over Mount Ararat

• Mount Ararat, a national symbol of Armenia, is located in modern Turkey due to territorial changes after World War I.

• This remains a sensitive issue in Armenia-Turkey relations.

The Russo- Japanese war, was a brutal war fought by the Japanese empire and the Russian empire. It mainly took place in Manchuria, Port Arthur, Mukden, Korea, Liadong Peninsula, Yellow sea and the Sea of Japan. Japan wanted to force Russia into abolishing their expansionist policy. It was a victorious fight for Japan leaving Japan to become a commendable nation and military. Its most prominent aspect is the War or Tsushima which resulted in bloodbath. The impact of this caused Japan to become a strong nation, showing its strengths as an Asian county, and the overwhelming power Asian countries can have not just completely European or American military which is seen more stronger. It allowed Japan to surprise the whole world, and reinforcing its status from World war 1 to World war 2 to be seen as one of the strongest nation in East Asia. The aftermath of the war helped it turn to a more industrialised country as technological advancements sparks. Another key takeaway, is that before the war, tsar military leaders believed that Russian forces would be able to seize Japan without any fear, and due to this throughout the war, the Japanese overwhelmed Russian forces causing one of the General officers (Kuropatkin) to retreat multiple times from counter-attacking the Japanese. Throughout the war, we can look at the different perspectives or sides; such as the Kobayashi Kiyochika’s cartoon. The Kobayashi Kiyochika’s cartoon depicts a very strong disgust to the Russians, one interesting one is “A Japanese sailor splitting in half a Russian torpedo boat” this is a very interesting one, since the depiction of splitting a Russian torpedo boat, whilst using an axe, shows strong aggression towards the Russians. We know that the Japanese forced Russia to abandon a policy and to this, Russia didn’t do the actions the Japanese wanted them to. With that being, said throughout the War the Japanese felt mis-treated therefore in the end causing a cartoon of multiple “deaths” of all Russian people or objects. If we look at the Russian sides, there is an intresting propaganda related to the Russo-Japanese war and basically shows the dominance of Russia towards some key locations with some text. The reason why I chose to answer this question and is relevant, since it shows a brief overview of the war, with the next topic being the 5 w’s. This is a very important aspect of the assessment, enriching and providing a summary of the war, whilst retaining key aspects.  Sources used to help me answer this question while providing comprehensive information and allowing me to retain key factors |Britannica. “Russo-Japanese War.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 1 Feb. 2019, www.britannica.com/event/Russo-Japanese-War.

‌ Used 24/03/2025 Wikipedia Contributors. “Russo-Japanese War.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Jan. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War.

‌ Used 24/03/2025 alphahis. “The Russo-Japanese War.” Russian Revolution, 3 Dec. 2012, alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/russo-japanese-war/?utm_source=chatgpt.com#False_perceptions. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

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1. Defeat of Armenia:

The war ended with Armenia’s defeat and the signing of the Treaty of Alexandropol on December 2, 1920, which forced Armenia to give up large territories.

2. Loss of Territory for Armenia:

Armenia lost much of its western lands, including the Kars and Ardahan regions, to Turkey. The treaty essentially nullified the earlier Treaty of Sèvres (1920), which had promised Armenia a much larger state.

3. Sovietization of Armenia:

As Turkey advanced, the Soviet Red Army moved into Armenia from the east. On December 2, 1920, Armenia was forced to accept Soviet rule, becoming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the USSR.

4. End of Armenian Independence:

The First Republic of Armenia, which had been independent since 1918, ceased to exist as it was incorporated into the Soviet Union.

5. Turkey’s Consolidation of Power:

The victory strengthened the position of the Turkish Nationalist movement, allowing it to focus on resisting Allied occupation elsewhere and eventually leading to the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

6. Abrogation of the Treaty of Sèvres:

The war contributed to the failure of the Treaty of Sèvres, which had aimed to divide Ottoman territories among the Allies and establish an independent Armenia. Instead, the Treaty of Kars (1921) between Turkey and Soviet authorities confirmed Turkey’s control over the contested regions.

7. Long-term Armenian-Turkish Hostility:

The war deepened tensions between Turkey and Armenia, which persist to this day, particularly over historical issues such as the Armenian Genocide and border disputes.

Sources :

https://www.britannica.com/question/What-were-the-consequences-of-the-Armenian-Genocide

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War?

Why/how did it end (specifics who, what, when, where, why)?

The conflict concluded with Turkey aligning with Azerbaijan against Armenia. A ceasefire required Armenia to withdraw from the disputed region, while Russian peacekeepers were deployed to maintain peace. The agreement also established a corridor through southern Armenia, connecting Turkey to Azerbaijan. On 16 March 1921, Turkey and Russia signed the Treaty of Moscow, followed by the Treaty of Kars, signed by Azerbaijan SSR, Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR, and the Turkish GNAT. These treaties granted Armenian territories to Turkey. The Turkish Armenian war officially ended on 2 December 1920. 

Answer to inquiry questions: 

Factual:

How have the conditions for war changed overtime?

The Turkish-Armenian War of 1920 was shaped by a variety of evolving conditions, both on the battlefield and in the broader geopolitical landscape:

1. Military Dynamics: The Turkish forces, led by Kâzım Karabekir, were better organized and equipped compared to the Armenian forces. Over time, the Armenians faced significant challenges, including a lack of resources and manpower, which weakened their ability to resist.

   
   

2. Geopolitical Shifts: The collapse of the Treaty of Sèvres, which had initially promised Armenia territorial gains, drastically altered the strategic conditions. The Turkish National Movement rejected the treaty, leading to renewed hostilities.

   
   

3. International Influence: The League of Nations and major powers like Britain and France were preoccupied with other global issues, limiting their intervention in the conflict. This lack of international support left Armenia vulnerable.

   
   

4. Soviet Involvement: The Bolshevik occupation of Armenia towards the end of the war introduced a new dimension. The Soviet Union's interest in stabilizing the region led to the establishment of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, effectively ending the conflict.

   
   

The war's conditions were marked by rapid changes in military strategy, political alliances, and international priorities, all of which contributed to its outcome.

Conceptual:

Can two different systems of power collaborate together? 

Yes. Different powers can work together if they trust each other and share goals. For a war that endured just 3 months, it seems that they were all interested in not having a long war. So, diplomacy could be the answer. However, during the Armenian Turkish war, their interests clashed, making teamwork impossible. Peace would have required putting aside territorial fights, but that didn’t happen. 

Debatable:

Can war be justified?

This question in complex and has been debated for centuries. In some cases, people argue that war may be justified as a last resort when all other options for resolving conflict or addressing injustice have been exhausted. For example, wars fought in self-defense or to prevent acts of genocide or oppression are often cited as justifiable under certain ethical frameworks. This aligns with the principles of "just war theory," which outlines conditions under which war may be morally permissible, such as having a just cause, being a last resort, and minimizing harm to civilians.

On the other hand, the devastation caused by war—loss of life, destruction of communities, and long-term suffering—makes it an option many view as inherently unjustifiable. Critics argue that wars often stem from political, economic, or ideological motives that fail to truly serve justice or humanity.

In order to understand war, and see its implications or point of view is to look at both sides of the Russo-Japanese war; Russia and Japan.

Looking to our first source links to propaganda. We can see the title is written to Russian and if we translate it; We sit by the sea and wait for the weather. The inscription tells us that the Russian empire or forces was waiting by the sea, nearby the key locations such as Manchuria. They refer then Weather to the Japananese to having similar features to the weather, not exactly which however we know that it was a war, therefore a storm. This really tells us a lot since it shows that they didn't fear Japan as such, and showing their dominion over propaganda. The source shows 2 males standing near each other, with one pushing the Japanese forces/empire. We can assume that the 2 males are representing 2 different countries, The US and UK. As the UK supported Japan during the war, and the US as Uncle Sam a holistic figure. I will now start by OCPVL the source.

Origin- We can interpret it is Russia, factually, since it's mocking the Japanese army and how easy it is to defeat it as a small country.

Context/Content- The content shows us that a Russian man is holding a cannon ready to attack Japan "as named as the weather". The source shows us that Russia thinks it has a very strong military, defeating both Japan and its allies. We can also see that the Russians were prepared for the Japanese, as there is a line of cannons, buildings and military infrastructure. The source also shows that the man is smiling indicating mockery and taunting with the Japanese. The giant soldier symbolises the strength of the Russian empire, and its control over the land. As seen Uncle Sam is representing the U.S showing the presence of the US during the time.

Purpose- The purpose of this propaganda poster or image, is to convey what the Russian empire thought of, when fighting Japan. It was likely intended to spread mockery and comforting as the people "believe" that the Japanese was weak. It is also likely to be made, to prepare the soldiers and or people of those in the Russian empire. The source is provided to improve morale of Russia, as they gain confidence to win the war over Japan.

Value- The source is useful since it allows us to understand the war, much clearer since we can analyse from both sides the Japanese and the Russia perspectives. For this source it was primarily before the war, and simple preparation. The perspective the author is conveying, is the nature of the Japanese military and the empire, as being weak or shamed. The source clearly highlights the role of Russia throughout the war and its impact. Not only that by also providing the military strategy as we know Port Arthur is included in the source, it shows how the Russian military planned on how to fight the war, by spreading infrastructure and weaponry around the sea (as seen cannons and military infrastructure) It shows us how effective or the framework of Russian propaganda by a simplistic features.

Limitations- The source doesn't show exactly or label the 2 people who are helping the Japanese empire. As seen on top of the image, is a flag, it is unclear which nation that flag is. The source clearly exaggerates Russia military strength however is extremely biased as it seems as Russia is superior, as we know in the end the Japanese were victorious. The source understates the Japanese military. Other limitations include extreme corruption as this source is very similar to a "lubok" which is Russian propaganda and are known to show Russia as supreme and simple. It provides very little insights on how the general population of Russia felt during the war such as war cost, or consequence. It has no idea or way of showing how it gained popularity and boosted the morale, who written it, as we know its a inscript at the top, a brief statement. Determing the source origins isn't possible, additionally it doesn't mention when the propaganda poster or image was published/released and where which raises concerns as of how it was written and by whom. Sources| Alphahistory.com, 2025, alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/russianpropaganda1904-e1726012647982.jpg. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

“Propaganda Poster Russo Japanese War Manchuria Port Arthur.” Invaluable.com, 2021, www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/propaganda-poster-russo-japanese-war-manchuria-po-285-c-6d04eb5b63. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

Wikipedia Contributors. “Lubok.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 14 Jan. 2025.

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In the early 17th century, Russia had established its authority all over Siberia, but its attempts to move southward were constantly blocked by Chinese efforts.

During the 18th century, Russia was completely involved in Western Europe and against Turkey. It did not press its interests in East Asia any further.

As settlements in Siberia developed, though, Russia realized its need for outlets at sea. Yet, China continued to deny it access to the Amur region.

Russia resorted to force toward the end of the reign of Emperor Nicholas I (1825-1855).

In the 1850s, Russian settlements started to appear along the left side of the Hēilóng River, despite protests from the Chinese government.

From 1850 - 1864, the Taiping Rebellion was a radical political and religious upheaval. It began under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan, who ruled under the influence of Christian ideals. He had “visions” that made him believe he was the Son of God and the younger brother of Jesus Christ. When the Taiping Rebellion emerged, its followers fought for economic equality in different regions of China. One of the consequences of this uprising was the death of over 20 million people.

Because of this internal conflict, China was unable to resist Russian pressure, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Aigun (May 16, 1858), which granted Russia access to the northern territory of the Amur region.

During the reign of Emperor Alexander III (1881–1894), there was a revival of interest in the Asian territories within the Russian Empire.

During a highly publicized tour of East Asia, Alexander III sent his son, Nicholas II. The outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) occurred during this period. The war was fought between the Qing dynasty and the Empire of Japan over influence in Korea and demonstrated Japan’s emerging power.

Due to Japan’s modernized army, it won most battles against China, which led to China ceding defeat on April 17, 1895, in the Treaty of Shimonoseki.

The end of the Sino-Japanese War resulted in Korea gaining independence through the Treaty of Shimonoseki. However, Japan began developing an interest in asserting power over Korea.

Japan’s victory over China threatened Russia’s opportunity for authority in East Asia due to Japan’s territorial gains. This made the upcoming conflict between Russia and Japan inevitable

After the Sino-Japanese War, Nicholas II gathered Germany and France for a so-called “Triple Intervention,” compelling Japan to give up its territorial gains in exchange for increased indemnity.

This event marked the beginning of an era of European rivalry over East Asia.

During this period:

         •        The German Emperor, William II, secured support from his cousin, Nicholas II, during a trip to Russia to annex modern-day Qingdao.

         •        Nicholas II seized Port Arthur. Despite the protests of his minister, Witte, he convinced the Chinese government to lease Port Arthur to Russia for 25 years.

         •        The seizure of Chinese territory by Germany and Russia was soon followed by Britain demanding authority over Weihai and France claiming modern-day Guangzhou.

In response to the steady erosion of Chinese sovereignty, the Boxer Rebellion (1899–1900) unfolded. This was a peasant uprising against foreigners, which prompted intervention from Japan and European powers to suppress the revolt.

Russia used the chaos of the rebellion as an excuse to send its troops into Manchuria to gain control over the region.

From that point on, Russia planned to invade Korea, despite Japan guaranteeing its independence after the Treaty of Shimonoseki.

In preparation for its attempt to assert power in East Asia, Japan created a modern and efficient army to do so, giving them a significant advantage over Russia.

Though Japan’s military superiority was not intended to attack Russia directly, they were concerned with winning an early victory that could establish their authority in East Asia. To achieve this strategy, Japan relied on the Trans-Siberian Railway being inadequate for quickly transporting Russian reinforcements.

Russia was unrealistic in its expansionist policy in East Asia, which, combined with poor military leadership, was one of the main factors leading to the inevitable Russo-Japanese War and, ultimately, Russia’s defeat.

Although many powerful figures in Russia strongly advocated for strengthening and expanding the military, the most notable being General Aleksey Kuropatkin, Nicholas II’s Minister of War, no decisive action was taken.

Without a formal declaration of war, on the night of February 8, 1904, the main Japanese fleet launched a surprise attack on the Russian squadron at Port Arthur.

The Russo-Japanese War had begun.

A Quick Summary of the Main Events Leading to the War:

The Russo-Japanese War resulted from Russia’s aggressive expansion into Manchuria and Korea, without strengthening its army or acknowledging Japan’s growing military and territorial power. This led Japan to take military action before Russia could prepare or strengthen itself.

On February 10, 1904, both countries officially declared war.

Some key processes/events which led to the end of the war were:

1)        Starting with the very first battle in the Russo-Japanese war, the attack on port Arthur on the night of February 8th, 1904, where it ended with japan taking control over it and was was a complete humiliation of Russia, a proud empire.

-              This loss also led to the destruction of most of the Russian fleets. In this attack alone, three Russian warships were badly damaged, several cruisers and other vessels were either sunken or captured, and all of Russias 7 battleships in the were destroyed.

2)        Russia was completely underestimating japans cpapbilities and strength which led to them being underprepared for the consequential war.

3)        Geographical problems. Since Russia and Japan are extremely far away from eachother, the war had constant issues of particularity Russia not being able to send food or supplies to their fronts. This problem was only worsened by the incomplecy of the trans-Siberian railway, which was russias main supply line.

4)        And finally, the two last battles of the Russo-Japanese war: the battle of Mukden, which was the largest battle fought before World War I, with about half a million soldiers fighting. It lasted from February 20 – March 10, 1905. And the battle of Tsushima which lasted from May 27 – 28, 1905.

-              After a previous loss at Liaoyang, the genral Alexei Kuropatkin regrouped at Mukden, japan took this to their advantage and attacked. But Russia was more prepared and there was a defensive line which lasted 145 km. P

Japan decided to take on the defence by enveloping them in attacks, this would eventually give them the success of being able to make inroads from the right. Kuropatkin responded by sending soldiers from the left on March 7. But this transfer of soldiers would cause chaos among the massive front. Japan was aware that Russia was already struggling with the chaos and decided to double their attack forces. To escape further envelopment, Kuropatkin was forced to inact a “disorderly retreat”. This battle was a massive exaust on both sides and was the last battle on land for the Russo-Japanese war.

-              The battle of Tsushima. This battle came into action after the admiral Tōgō Heihachirō noticed an oncoming naval Russian fleet arriving at the Tsushima strait which arrived after a “grueling” seven-month journey inacted by the admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky. The Russian fleet was using their superior speed to support nessersairy maneuvering. On the afternoon of that day, admiral Tōgō executed a maneuver which would allow his fleet to create incredible damage from the broadsides. On the evening and at night, japan also launched several torpedo attacks shrinking the Russian forces and caused chaos within the fleet. The outcome of this final battle was catastrophic on Russias end, all of their 11 battleships were either captured or sunk, 21 ships were lost totally, and 11,000 sailors were either killed or captured. While on japans end, they experienced minimal losses, and about 117 personnel were killed.

5)        And finally, after a year of war, Russia finally recognised how much control Japan had gained over Korea, and with that finally ceded port Arthur, the dalian naval bases, and the southern half of Sakhalin Island. Port Arthur and the dalian naval bases having been previously under Russias control previously. This was part of the agreements of the treaty of Portsmouth, a treaty negotiated and signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in the USA, with the current president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt playing the mediator in this agreement. Some other points included:

-              Russia did not need to pay war indemnities to Japan. But Japan was granted political rights over the Manchuria region.

-              Both sides agreed to halt all hostilities and to withdraw their forces.

Then finally the treaty of Portsmouth was signed by both ends on September 5, 1905.

Consequences/aftermath of the war in japan as :

1)        The territorial gains of the war let Japan expand its empire. After the war it gained authority over Korea, port Arthur, the Dalian naval bases, and the southern half of Sakhalin Island.

2)        Japan’s foreign policies were largely militaristic and focused on expanding.

3)        Economic growth. Though Russia did not need to pay war indemnities (which are usually payments made by the defeated side after a war to the victorious side). Japan still experienced a huge “economic boom” through increased trade, industrialisation, its territorial gains, and modernisation.

4)        National pride.

5)        It’s military was strong, and ever expanding.

In comparison to today, the long term impacts include :

1)        It is an economic and trade leader in the world.

2)        It’s foreign policies are now largely trade based.

3)        And its military is largely limited.

Consequences/aftermath of the war on Russias side :

1)        Russia had no territorial gains, and in fact lost most of its territory and therefor its influence.

2)        Russias foreign policy turned from being largely focused on expanding toward Asia before the war, to turning to Europe. Russia also allied with France and Britain.

3)        Severe economic consequences. Russia suffered from severe economic losses after the war, its territorial losses limiting its economic growth long term. Yet, Russia started spending a lot on its military.

4)        The loss of the war was a huge military humiliation.

5)        Like i mentioned before, after the war Russia started focusing on expanding its military as its unprepared military was a key reason to its defeat.

In comparison to today, the long term impacts include :

1)        Russia now is again redirected its focus to be anti west, and is focused on Asia once again.

2)        Russias foreign policy is still largely militaristic, and now Russia has increasing problems with its previous allies France and Britain (and generally NATO) largely because to the effects of WWI and WWII.

3)        Russias economy is now growing through industrialisation and slowly emerging again.

4)        Russia is now a massive military might among the world.

         •        “Russo-Japanese War.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Russo-Japanese-War. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “Taiping Rebellion.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Taiping-Rebellion. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “Battle of Port Arthur.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Port-Arthur. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “Battle of Mukden.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-Mukden. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “Battle of Tsushima.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tsushima. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “Taiping Rebellion.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, https://www.history.com/topics/asian-history/taiping-rebellion#:~:text=The%20Taiping%20Rebellion%20was%20a,lasted%20from%201850%20to%201864. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “First Sino-Japanese War.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War#:~:text=The%20First%20Sino%2DJapanese%20War,known%20as%20the%20Jiawu%20War. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “Siege of Port Arthur.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “List of Battles of the Russo-Japanese War.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Russo-Japanese_War. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “Battle of Tsushima.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “The Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905.” U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/portsmouth-treaty#:~:text=The%20Treaty%20of%20Portsmouth%20formally,by%20U.S.%20President%20Theodore%20Roosevelt. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “Elements of Crimes.” International Criminal Court, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/Publications/Elements-of-Crimes.pdf. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “How War Has Changed Over Time.” Delfino.cr, 2023, https://delfino.cr/2023/01/how-war-has-changed-over-time. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

         •        “Russo-Japanese War.” Alpha History, https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/russo-japanese-war/. Accessed 25 Mar. 2025.

Factual

How have the conditions in war changed over time?

War has changed over time in specific ways:

-              With the modernisation of the world, weaponry in war has changed.

Some examples of this are, in what is considered early warfare, melee weapons such as swords, bows, and spears were used. While in “modern warfare” tanks, missiles, and nuclear weapons are in usage.

-              Nowadays there are “war crimes”. Some examples of war crimes are:

The attack on civilians, killing or torturing prisoners of war, the use of prohibited weapons (eg. chemical, biogical weapons) attacks on buildings or people which would block access to humanitarian aid, rape, sexual slavery, the use of child soldiers in military, the destruction of natural enviroment, stealing, and using humans as shields.

-              Technology now also plays a significant role in war.

conceptual

Can two different systems of power collaborate together.

There are many different types of systems of power such as cultural systems, military systems, social systems etc. but for this question the large focus will be military and political systems.

Yes, systems of power can corporate, as it is shown in large cooperations such as NATO where political and military systems of power work together.

There are clear examples in history where two systems of power not being able to work together have lead to war, some examples of such are the WWI where the different governments of Europe could not come to a solution diplomatically. And WWII was caused because of the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany colliding with other political systems such as communists and democratic governments.

Though these two examples are a perfect way to sum up to the conclusion that different systems of power working together is impossible, but looking at the modern day governments, specifically in Germany where the Ampel Regierung has been governing and will continue until the new government comes into place. There have been a lot of colliding opinions and decisions but, in the end they have managed to work together.

In conclusion, it is possible for different systems of power the work together, though their clearly different perspectives can make it difficult. That does not mean that war or hostility should be the direct response.

debatable

Can war be justified? (Antonia’s answer)

I believe that no, war cannot be justified. Like I explained before, war does not need to be the direct outcome of disagreements of two or more systems of power, and history proves as such. The amount of death and loss of any kind is simply not worth a temporary fix the other option of diplomacy.

As for the Japanese I will be using a cartoon for this analysis. A famous Japanese artist by the name of "Kobayashi Kiyochika" is known for his modernisation and Westernisation for Japan during a notable time known as the Meiji period. However focusing onto the Russo- Japanese war, Kiyochika expressed his feelings and emotions to the war. I will be looking at one of the paintings he drew or images. As we can see in the image, it firstly shows a huge Octopus under Japanese possesion, caught "Russian" ships as disguised in fish. At first Octopuses represent power, disguise, unity, high intelligence, marine and creativity. That establishes why Kiyochika used Octopus as for this image. We can interpret as the Japanese secretly planned a strategy in order to subjugate the Russian forces, whilst doing so victoriously capturing the Russians, highlighting Japanese superiority and their high intelligence and success to their proposed strategy. Now we will start with Origins.

Origin- The source was based from Japan, by Kiyochika. We can approximate when it was published was around 1904-1905, at most likely at the middle part of the war or the breaking point. As it shows Japanese seen as victorious.

Content- The content of this source shows us that a Octopus with its tentacles grabbed more than 8 fishes as disguised as ships. We can see there is Japanese writing (unable to translate) on top of the image indicating some sort of message being potrayed or something contextual for the audience. As we move on, the Octopus is on a land rather not in the Sea providing an insight of that the Octopus could indicate that the Japanese were potentially spying on the Russians or simply knew how to defeat the ships. As there is a book called "With the Russians in Manchuria,
by Maurice Baring" which could suggest a Japanese soldier or civilian potentially captured by the Russians however providing insights on the relationship of how the Russian forces work. I also found a book from a library source "Presidential Library" showing a book called "Japanese espionage in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905" written in Russian the book however. We know that the Japanese had help from the UK, known as the Anglo- Japanese alliance, with that being said, the British knew or helped with Ship designs. To summarise the content, the source shows us many links and multiple interpretation simply with an Octopus on land, grabbing with its tentacles and a Japanese officer sitting on top. As I mentioned before the symbolism of the Octopus and Japanese strategy, it links to the Battle of Port Arthur, as 4 Japanese destroyers approached Port Arthur secretly, then launched a torpedo attack, destroying or incapacitating the Pallada and Retvizan illustrating their tactics throughout naval warfare.

Purpose- The purpose of this source is to express Kiyochika's feelings of the war perhaps and to bring propaganda as by an artist. It is to bring awareness most likely and improve the morale towards the Japanese people. As the previous source was exaggerating their power and improving the morale. The japanese cartoon might seen as more subtle without mocking Russian forces, simply showing victory. However the source still remains a form of propaganda. It also provided insights on Japanese cunning strategy on winning the war, as since Japanese in the end became victorious. It also provides a comforting outlook, as since Russia was a European power, and a large nation with a powerful military, the cartoon by Kiyochika might seem as to calm the people whilst improving the morale. We know that Japan is heavily relied on Sea, and little land, therefore the Japanese could excel at naval battles, showing the source significance to strategy. Overall, the purpose or likely is to re-assure their naval strength, boost morale and their advanced tactics for naval battles such as this.

Value- The source holds a lot of value, since it provides multiple understanding to be thought of. The previous source of Russian propaganda was exaggeration and mocking, as for here it is encouragement as well as providing insights to the aftermath of the War. We can tell that the author had strong feelings to the war, as of the Japanese "disgusted" the Russians to some extent, causing an illustration of this and as the time period was around 1904, it played a huge area on Propaganda ranging from different countries as present during World war 1- world war. Which allows us to understand better why have "propaganda" in the first place, simply each country have different opinions and that raises a question for bias. The piece can have some controversy as it could imply that the author was being to figurative, and some could say it was subtle and for the author side, we can see it was mainly the victory of Japan.

Limitations- The source doesn't show us when it was exactly published. The source clearly provides more propaganda-based cartoon rather than informative or simply potraying Japanese struggles towards the Russo-Japanese war. As Japan is seen as an Octopus and Russia as a fish, it also undermines the Russian forces seen as a prey rather then a predator and as a small fish. The image is seemed more stylised or symbolic rather than accurate or informative cartoon. It doesnt show the Russian forces, as the Japanese struggles and how it affected Japan itself and to its people. The source also doesn't mention the location or where on the map however we can assume to a geographical standpoint "Vladivostok".

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