Positive aspects of global trade include economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction, leading to better access to essential services.

Negative consequences of trade agreements may include wage repression, employment loss, labor exploitation, and environmental harm.

Economic growth can contribute to human rights when combined with equitable policies, leading to stronger legal frameworks, improved education, and better healthcare access.

Trade can be a force for advancing human rights when designed to respect and protect them, promoting cultural interaction and international tolerance.

Challenges in advancing human rights through global trade include the prioritization of economic goals over human rights issues during trade negotiations. It makes difficult to strike a balance between trade objectives and human rights.

Cooperation among countries is crucial to address these concerns and create trade policies that promote economic growth while preserving human rights.

Ajijul Hakim, uco 533381

Ainur Urgenishbayeva, uco 543369

These changes disrupted the supply, demand, and pricing of fundamental energy resources, particularly oil, coal, and natural gas, revealing vulnerabilities in economies heavily reliant on fossil fuels and hastening the transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources.

India, as a pivotal player in the global energy market, offers a compelling case study for understanding the repercussions of the pandemic on energy dynamics and the need for resilient and sustainable strategies in a post-COVID world.

The study on forecasting energy prices in India exemplifies the essential role of advanced forecasting models in navigating this evolving energy market.

Furthermore, the essay challenges conventional wisdom by highlighting the nuanced role of natural gas as a potential bridge between economic growth and environmental responsibility, particularly in developing nations.

The discussion also underscores the critical role of green investments in addressing global energy crises, energy security, and climate mitigation goals, emphasizing the imperative to balance economic interests with environmental concerns.

Lastly, the examination of natural resource price volatility sheds light on the endogenous factors of governance and globalization, which influence the stability of natural resource prices.

This comprehensive analysis ultimately underscores the intricate and interconnected issues of energy pricing and environmental responsibility in today's evolving global energy landscape.

• Started in 2013 with protests against President Yanukovych's pro-Russia stance.

• International condemnation of Russia's annexation of Crimea.

• Pro-Russian separatists declared independence in eastern Ukraine, leading to armed conflict.

European Union Measures:

• Economic sanctions impacting Russia's economy, trade, and global market access.

• Political and diplomatic consequences, including changes in international relations and diplomatic isolation.

• Diplomatic measures like suspending cooperation agreements.

• Asset freezes and travel bans on entities undermining Ukraine's integrity, associated with Russia.

United States Measures:

• Initial sanctions on trade, financial transactions, and entry restrictions.

• Targeted state-owned and private Russian financial institutions, blocking assets and operations.

• Asset freezes on Putin and advisers, a transatlantic task force to identify and block foreign assets.

• Denial of SWIFT system access for many Russian banks.

Impact on Russia's Economy:

• Financial sector losses.

• Companies exiting Russian market.

• Depressed oil prices.

• Temporary inflation and import decline.

• Military procurement challenges.

• Employment impact.

  Rzayeva Sabina, Jannatul Ferdous

The FID are mutually beneficial for investors and countries. Investors want to maximize there gain from it. So investors will decide to invest depending on the conditions of the countries. And the country will try to appeal to the best to welcome to investors.

We can make multiple analysis on trends of global FDI. We can make regional analysis in order to identify the strengths and position of countries (in a specific region) towards foreign investment. We can also make analysis on the type sector of the business. Its purpose is to find the different trends of sectors that brings the more FDI.

Lastly, most of the FDI comes from more developed country to less developed country because it brings more benefits for investment. And it can also also a blessing for some small and not too developed countries.

Gwendal Berthault 545567

Mohammad Wadud Miah 530555

The role of developing countries in international trade stands as a cornerstone shaping the global economic landscape, exerting significant influence on economic dynamics and the restructuring of worldwide markets. This engagement directly correlates with poverty levels, underscoring the critical need for nuanced policies aimed at poverty alleviation on a global scale.

The transformative potential inherent in international commerce extends its impact across emerging and least developed countries alike. Understanding the intricate interplay between the involvement of developing nations in global trade and its consequential effect on poverty outcomes is pivotal. It forms the bedrock for informed policy-making, particularly crucial for nurturing inclusive economic growth strategies.

However, the impact of global trade on developing nations is multifaceted. While it acts as a catalyst for economic growth, job creation, and technological advancements, its benefits are unevenly distributed. Challenges like income inequality and misallocation of resources persist, undermining equitable growth within these nations.

Least Developed Countries (LDCs) face structural constraints that impede their effective participation in the global trade landscape. Challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, weak governance systems, limited human capital, susceptibility to external shocks, and financial constraints hinder their progress on the global trade stage.

Trade barriers compound the challenges for LDCs. Tariffs, non-tariff obstacles, and unfair business practices limit economic diversification, impede employment opportunities, restrict market access, and hamper technological advancements. These barriers perpetuate the cycle of poverty within these nations.

Efforts aimed at supporting LDCs in global trade, including trade preferences, Aid for Trade programs, and regional integration initiatives, aim to enhance market access, bolster productive capacity, and fortify institutional frameworks.

Notably, case studies of Bangladesh and Vietnam exemplify how strategic trade-focused policies, such as export-oriented industrialization, attraction of foreign investment, and infrastructure development, have successfully alleviated poverty within these countries.

Ethical considerations form a crucial aspect of global trade, encompassing fair labor practices, environmental sustainability, and ethical trade standards. International organizations and initiatives are instrumental in addressing and enforcing these ethical standards.

Looking ahead, future prospects for developing countries in global trade present a spectrum of opportunities in technology, global value chains, sustainability, and regional integration. However, challenges such as technological disruptions, economic uncertainty, climate change, and trade barriers pose significant hurdles.

A concerted and coordinated effort is indispensable to construct a fair, inclusive, and supportive global trading environment. Such an environment is paramount in harnessing the full potential of trade as a powerful instrument for positive change and poverty reduction within developing nations.

"This essay's main takeaway is how crucial developing nations are to the dynamics of global trade and how it affects poverty levels. It emphasises the ability of global trade to change lives and the need for thoughtful policy to reduce poverty worldwide. In addition, it describes the many economic effects of international trade on developing countries, the structural limitations that the least developed countries (LDCs) must contend with, the difficulties that arise from trade barriers, and the significance of ethical considerations in international trade practices.

In general, the article promotes coordinated efforts to establish a just, welcoming, and cooperative international economic environment in order to use trade as a catalyst for constructive change and the alleviation of poverty in developing countries."

Abdur Rahman, učo 543331

Md Shamim Islam, učo 533390

The United States relies on international trade for economic growth, it has trade agreements with 20 different countries, which significantly contributes to the USA's growth, competitiveness, and job creation.

Trade allows the U.S. to access essential resources, diversify supply chains, and reduces dependence on specific regions. It also provides market expansion opportunities for businesses, leading to increased income and the identification of emerging trends.

U.S. foreign policy focuses on security, prosperity, and creating a better world for their citizens.

The U.S. has numerous trade agreements and alliances, and its evolving foreign policy aims to reduce barriers while maintaining a balanced approach to global participation and protecting domestic industries.

Consequences of U.S. trade policies extend globally, impacting economic prosperity and geopolitical stability. Trade agreements strengthen diplomatic ties, while protectionist measures like tariffs may strain alliances and lead to global economic challenges. Careful scrutiny of U.S. trade policies is crucial for ensuring global economic stability.

Morgane Lambert 545770

Sacha Roux 545908

Khatia Vardishvili (546087)