Biology Term 1 Summary by Abby Smolenaers https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde en-us 2018-03-25 22:43:47 UTC 2018-03-25 23:41:53 UTC hello@padlet.com Biology Term 1 asmolenaers https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245893767 2018-03-25 22:44:02 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245893767 1.1 Structure of cells asmolenaers https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245893824 2018-03-25 22:44:24 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245893824 1.2 DNA structure and function asmolenaers https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245893917 2018-03-25 22:45:06 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245893917 1.3 Protein Synthesis asmolenaers https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245894003 2018-03-25 22:45:35 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245894003 1.4 Relationships between DNA, genes and chromosomes (Karyotyping) asmolenaers https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245894093 2018-03-25 22:46:18 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245894093 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245895676 Function of DNA 

three main functions of DNA 

1st function - DNA directs the machinery of a cell to make a specific protein and therefore DNA indirectly controls all of the functioning of all living things 

]]> 2018-03-25 22:57:30 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245895676 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245895678 Nucleus is the brain or powerhouse of the cells]]> 2018-03-25 22:57:30 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245895678 2 Steps: Transcription and Translation. https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245895728 2018-03-25 22:57:52 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245895728 2 function https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245895883 DNA stores the hereditary information of an individual]]> 2018-03-25 22:58:45 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245895883 3 function https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245895988 DNA has the ability to mutate (change) . This allows for new characteristics and abilities to appear which may help an individual to survive and reproduce ( evolution )]]> 2018-03-25 22:59:27 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245895988 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245896117 Genes are like instruction that codes for a particular trait e.g: blood group or eye colour]]> 2018-03-25 23:00:24 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245896117 1st Process Transcription https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245896446 STEP 1:
An enzyme named RNA polymerase binds to the DNA inside the nucleus.
STEP 2:
It then begins to unwind/unzip the double-stranded DNA.
STEP 3:
The RNA polymerase slides along the DNA strand. As it takes place, RNA nucleotides match up with base pairs on the DNA strand, forming mRNA (messenger RNA strand.
STEP 4:
The process continues until reaching the termination site.
STEP 5:
Upon completion. The two DNA strands join back together, the enzyme detaches and the mRNA strand is released.
STEP 6:
mRNA strand exits nucleus through a nuclear pore and enters cytoplasm to find ribosome, This is where translation takes place. ]]> 2018-03-25 23:03:10 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245896446 Translation https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245896797  1.The mRNA attaches to a ribosome
2. AUG is the first codon read by the ribosome
3.  tRNA transfers the correct amino acid for that codon
4.  The ribosome reads the next codon
5. Repeats step 3 and 4
6.Continues until a STOP Codon is reached
7. A protein is created


]]> 2018-03-25 23:06:17 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245896797 509693 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245896915 There are autosomes and sex chromosomes. 
Sex Chromosomes: What makes your gender
Autosomes: Every other chromosome in the body]]> 2018-03-25 23:07:24 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245896915 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897012 Coiled up strands of DNA (genes) make chromosomes]]> 2018-03-25 23:08:11 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897012 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897170  Human cells have 46 chromosomes which are arranged into 23 pairs]]> 2018-03-25 23:09:25 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897170 2nd Process Translation: Step 2: https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897292 2018-03-25 23:10:18 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897292 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897308 The main method of detecting chromosomal mutations involving with large segments of chromosomes or entire chromosomes is called karyotyping ]]> 2018-03-25 23:10:27 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897308 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897815 Segments of DNA make genes]]> 2018-03-25 23:13:32 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897815 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897975 Every cell has a cell wall to protect it from getting damaged ]]> 2018-03-25 23:14:35 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245897975 How proteins are made. 509581 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898031  
  • protein synthesis (make something new) inside cells.
  • the instructions for how to make a protein are held inside the DNA molecule.
  • two major stages of making a protein are called transcription and translation.
  • Stores the hereditary information of an individual. 
  • Has the ability to mutate (change). This allows for new characteristics and abilities appear which may help an individual to survive and reproduce (EVOLUTION). 
]]> 2018-03-25 23:14:58 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898031 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898032  Gametes are sex chromosomes which determine the gender of the individual 

]]> 2018-03-25 23:14:58 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898032 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898033 Autosomes are Gametes are sex chromosomes which determine the gender of the individual 

]]> 2018-03-25 23:14:59 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898033 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898067 Genes are made up of DNA and are found in the nucleus of all cells on structures known as chromosomes]]> 2018-03-25 23:15:16 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898067 Proteins are made in the nucleus of the cell. https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898084 2018-03-25 23:15:25 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898084 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898087  The human male karyotype has 44 autosomes, an X chromosomes and a Y chromosome and is written as 44 + XY 
The human female karyotype has 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes and is written as 44 + XX 
]]> 2018-03-25 23:15:26 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898087 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898090 Autosomes are somatic chromosomes which means they control body 

]]> 2018-03-25 23:15:27 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898090 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898094 Male karyotypes are labeled as 44 x XY, and Female karyotypes are labeled as 44 x XX]]> 2018-03-25 23:15:29 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898094 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898122 DNA is made up of building blocks called Nucleotides ]]> 2018-03-25 23:15:46 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898122 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898182 Each chromosome contains thousand of genes along its length]]> 2018-03-25 23:16:18 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898182 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898190  
  • Cells are the basic units of life and make up all organisms (multicellular and unicellular)
  •  There are 2 different types of cells, and organisms (living things) are classified according to the type of cell have
]]> 2018-03-25 23:16:22 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898190 Proteins are long chains of amino acids. https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898257 2018-03-25 23:16:40 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898257 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898366  
The bases that can be found in DNA are known as Nitrogenous bases. These bases can include  
  •  Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T)
  •  Cytosine  (C)
  • Guanine (G)
]]> 2018-03-25 23:17:42 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898366 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898368 Different types of proteins :

Structural 

Defensive 

Transport 

Catalysts 

]]> 2018-03-25 23:17:42 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898368 Karyotypes show the pairs of chromosomes within a cell https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898386 2018-03-25 23:17:49 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898386 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898506  
  • Prokaryotes: a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes include bacteria and paramecium’s 
  • Eukaryotes: an organism whose cells are more complex and usually larger than prokaryotic cells.
]]> 2018-03-25 23:18:53 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898506 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898508 RNA differs for DNA in 3 main ways…..

DNA is double stranded 

Uracil instead of Thymine  

Suger in RNA is ribose in DNA its deoxyribose 

]]> 2018-03-25 23:18:54 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898508 Cell wall https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898610 The cell wall is what protects the cell from the outside]]> 2018-03-25 23:19:47 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898610 2nd Function https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898626 Stores hereditary (genetics, past) information of an individual.]]> 2018-03-25 23:19:56 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898626 DNA vs RNA https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898636 Involves the production and use of another type of nucleic acid known as Ribonucleic Acid (RNA). RNA differs from DNA in 3 main ways; 
  1. RNA is single stranded not double stranded.
  2. The sugar in RNA is called ribose, rather than deoxyribose
  3. RNA has the nitrogen base, URACIL, instead of THYMINE
]]> 2018-03-25 23:20:00 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898636 DNA cannot move move outside the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes where proteins are made RMNA take the copy of the DNA to the ribosome https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898650 2018-03-25 23:20:07 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898650 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898654 Cells that contain only one copy of a chromosome are called haploid (single) e.g: sex cells
ells that contain chromosomes in paris are called diploid (double) e.g: all other body cells]]> 2018-03-25 23:20:09 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898654 The human cell is similar to a animal cell, which is also known as a Eukaryotic cell https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898691 2018-03-25 23:20:23 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898691 1st Function https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898717 Directs the machinery of a cell to make specific proteins and therefore, the DNA indirectly controls all of the functioning of all living things.]]> 2018-03-25 23:20:40 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898717 3rd Function https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898833 Has the ability to mutate allowing for new characteristics and abilities to appear which helps an individual survive and reproduce (evolution)]]> 2018-03-25 23:21:43 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898833 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898864  1 haploid chromosome from each pair is inherited from the mother and the other is inherited from the father]]> 2018-03-25 23:21:53 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898864 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898919  
  • The cell theory is a theory based on detailed microscopic and biochemical observations of all types of organisms.
]]> 2018-03-25 23:22:20 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898919 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898920  You inherit one sex chromosome from each parent: you get one from you mum (x) and one from your dad (x or y)]]> 2018-03-25 23:22:20 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245898920 https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245899187 2018-03-25 23:24:52 UTC https://padlet.com/asmolenaers/e0pueq9ylxde/wish/245899187