https://www.ted.com/talks/nir_eyal_the_case_to_infect_volunteers_with_covid_19_to_accelerate_vaccine_testing/footnotes#t-648726

 He first proposes that volunteers are a part of a "challenge trial," in which they are challenged with the virus in order to eliminate the worry of subsequent results of a vaccine. According to Eyal, the group of volunteers would be deliberately given the virus, and subsequently some would receive the control, also referred to as the placebo, or the actual vaccine. He explains that the trial will then provide results to if the vaccine would give better protection than no protection to the virus in terms of infection rates. He then acknowledges that there are risks associated, and questions what is considered a tolerable risk. According to Eyal, the trial is comparable to kidney donation, considering that kidney donation risks are generally accepted as they provide health to the person receiving the kidney, despite the donor receiving no benefit. He justifies that if volunteers are healthy, young adults, the that the risk level is considered tolerable, and therefore accepted as treatment. He lastly mentions that people are posed with the question of where to direct the trolley, in the trolley car experiment. Eyal rationalizes that most people will choose to save the highest number of people, directing the trolley to the tracks with the smallest number of people. In this statement, he therefore highlights that volunteers would, without question, volunteer for a potentially dangerous situation in order to help the greater population. Specifically, he legitimizes that young, healthy volunteers would take the small risk of dying from Covid-19 in order to help aid the progression in finding a vaccine that can protect and prevent the spread of the virus, possibly eliminating deaths and causing a fall off in. the number of cases nationally and eventually worldwide. Overall, Eyal’s comprehension of the pandemic and the balance of risk and reward provides him the understanding needed to find a vaccine for the virus. He believes that by allowing for young, healthy adults to volunteer for a vaccine, the cure or preventative means for the virus can be found quickly enough to aid in the halt of the spread of Covid-19.  

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I also do not know what picture would fit best with this story, so I am not going to include one. Atleast for now.

Ahmad most importantly mentions, “By creating an environment where children can form friendships with their peers, we are investing in their long-term success.” Ahmad claims that childhood friendships teach valuable life skills, specifically empathy. After reading this source, I noticed how she connected empathy with success. I did not realize the importance of empathy and its construct in childhood friendships. I understand that by learning empathy, children develop more trusting relationships with adults who will teach them how to be successful. For instance, children that are more trusting of, say, their educators, will strive more to do better in life. After reading this source, I wonder how negative interactions with peers will manifest themselves. Ahmad mentions that children in orphanages, for example, have a harder time developing those skills, possibly leading to a life of failed accomplishments. 

I since reading the source believe that childhood friendships are more important than otherwise considered in terms of success. Children without proper developmental conditions cannot fully develop skills needed for success, and can possibly have trouble maintaining adult lifestyle needs, such as a job or goals. This is solely the result of a fruitless childhood. 

“The Importance of Childhood Friendships.” Bloom, 4 August 2018, https://bloomcharity.org/the-importance-of-childhood-friendships/. Accessed 6 October 2020.

She questions why children suffer in silence, and therefore seeks to understand underlying issues within childhood friendships.

She then discusses how Hannah, the young girl, did not ever explicitly talk about her traumas. Mackintosh explains that Hannah instead communicated them through overdoses and self harm wounds. She mentions that Hannah's father brought her to her, and left Hannah alone to discuss the very issues she struggled so badly with. She goes on to recant her first experience with Hannah, and what it took to break her from her shell.

Finally, Mackintosh explains that Hannah was able to overcome her issues through her professional help. She mentions that it took more that coercion, rather the implementation of techniques to dig deeper.

This article gave me reason to consider the possible dangers of childhood friendships. I was caught up in how childhood relationships effect us as adults, considering mostly the effects they have on things like success, future relationships, and morals. I did not explicitely consider that they could cause such traumatic mental disorders and internalized feelings. Mackintosh explains that the therapy itself was going to discuss, "traumas inflicted by those who should care and protect, and deeply sad discussions of self-loathing and self-injury." Which, in her experience, was not traditional. She goes on to explain that in order to fully break the chains of the trauma Hannah had dealt with, Mackintosh must take the therapy step by step. Ultimately, childhood relationships expand deeper than schoolmates. The effects of these relationships are defined by everyone around, and their actions in which effect children.

I now wonder hoe long trauma within adolescent relationships last. What can stop the negative effects? How will it manifest itself in adulthood?

Does trauma cause us, as adults, to fail? Is failure a result of an unhealthy upbringing?

Mackintosh, Heather. “A Bridge Across the Silent Trauma:Enactment, Art, and Emergence in the Treatment of a Traumatized Adolescence.” EBSCOhost, July/August 2017, http://web.b.ebscohost.com.frccwc.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=d6c9505d-2fcd-404b-b23e-338fbdfba847%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=124435305&db=pbh. Accessed 13 10 2020.

http://web.b.ebscohost.com.frccwc.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=d6c9505d-2fcd-404b-b23e-338fbdfba847%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=124435305&db=pbh

They then discuss that attitudes that stem from childhood are linked with behavioral issues. They explain that the perpetrators have a “favorable attitude” towards cyberbullying, specifically. They tend to lack empathy as they feel they have no consequences through a screen. 

Finally, they discuss that immorality and lack of personality empathy are the main areas affected by childhood maltreatment. This therefore creates inability in the perpetrator to experience either. 

This article made me consider that childhood maltreatment has a very negative affect on specifically men as they age and progress. It was interesting to read about how these people tend to lack empathy as a “personality trait.” L and their colleagues mention, “Cyberbullying perpetrators cannot directly observe the suffering of cyberbullying victims, thereby showing the characteristics of disinhibition and dehumanization, such as low empathy, lack of rationality, and irritability.” This is extremely important as it explains that when people are exposed to childhood maltreatment, they fail to develop empathy, and therefore turn to bullying as an outlet and as a way to express themselves without repercussions. 

I now wonder how long this lack of empathy is seen. How long does it carry into adulthood? Is it ever fixed? 

Is empathy more than something learned? Are we all born empathetic and lose it or gain it as we experience life? 

L, Chen. “The link between childhood psychological maltreatment and cyberbullying perpetration attitudes among undergraduates.” EBSCOhost, 3 September 2020. Accessed 13 October 2020.

Cite

 

Purpose - The composer is trying to inform the audience of how childhood relationships and the lack of affection as a child contribute to, specifically males, cyberbullying in the future

Audience - The composer is communicating to a professional audience, like psychologists. The work is based in a very professional setting. 

Rhetorical appeals - The composer entices the audience by stating the very way in which something so big as cyber bullying has come to be a problem. Something like cyberbullying is a big problem, so those in which directly deal with it are going to be interested in it. 

Modes - The mode is text, and the composer chose text as a mode as the work is based off of different case studies and known relations within cyberbullying and childhood. The medium is digital, which I believe was done in order to allow for anyone to access it, but specifically those in which want to understand the relation better. 

Elements of the genre - In this type of genre, there is an abstract along with sources, authors, and the like. It is done in this organizational pattern in order to allow for a generalized understanding of the text, and to establish credibility from the start. 

Style - It is in third person. The tone is formal, and a very high professional or academic level of vocabulary is used. 

Design - there isn’t much of a design element to this source, it is very straightforward. There are no pictures nor color used in this article. 

Sources - The sources are varying case studies, articles, and prior experiments. The sources are referred to in MLA formatting, citing the composer of the source along with a general idea. It then explains how this source proves the point of the article. 

Wonder - This genre does not raise many questions, as it is very straight forward. It is a lot like other genres as it refers to many different sources, as any good article should. It is very different as it refers to varying degrees of sources, it has a higher level of vocabulary, and understanding/breakdown of the information.