Historical Foundations of Counseling by Julissa M. Lora https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp en-us 2017-06-02 13:46:40 UTC 2025-11-29 17:14:28 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Brightnessdown.png Late 19th Century lora_j https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174979708 People had little understanding of emotional difficulties and mental disorder. Many People with severe symptoms were forcibly confined in institutions and exposed to largely ineffective treatments, while those with mild or moderate difficulties typically received no help. ]]> 2017-06-02 13:49:58 UTC https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174979708 First Force of Psychotherapy lora_j https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174983432 The first force viewed past experiences as the source of people's present emotional difficulties and emphasizing unconscious processes and long term treatment, psychodynamic approaches provided a solid foundation for the field of psychotherapy (Seligma & Reichenberg. 2013).]]> 2017-06-02 14:13:26 UTC https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174983432 Second Force of Psychotherapy lora_j https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174985208 The second force was led by five theorists, B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser and Donald Meichenbaum which is behavioral and cognitive theories and interventions. Behavioral treatments approaches was used in the 1970's which led to cognitive approaches in the 1980's then led to cognitive-behavioral approaches in the 1990's. Cognitive and behavioral treatment systems emphasizes the influence of thoughts and actions on emotions (Seligma & Reichenberg. 2013). ]]> 2017-06-02 14:24:52 UTC https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174985208 Third Force of Psychotherapy lora_j https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174988741 Carl Roger's work led to the third force in the 1960's which was existential-humanistic psychotherapy. It emphasizes the importance of emotions and sensations and of people taking charge of and finding meaning in their own lives.  Among Carl, other contributed to this force such as Fritz Perls and Viktor Frankl (Seligma & Reichenberg. 2013).]]> 2017-06-02 14:46:11 UTC https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174988741 Fourth Force of Psychotherapy lora_j https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174989870 The fourth force came into existence in the beginning of the 21st century. Elements of the all three forces are intergrated into a comprehensive and holistic effort to understand people as fully as possible. Clinicians' awareness and understanding of components of individual identity such as gender, culture, age, race and sexual orientation facilitate development of positive theraputic relationships and effective treatment plans (Seligma & Reichenberg. 2013). ]]> 2017-06-02 14:54:24 UTC https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174989870 Reference lora_j https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174991951 Seligma, L., & Reichenberg, L. W. (2013). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy (4th ed.). Pearson.
 
]]> 2017-06-02 15:09:36 UTC https://padlet.com/lora_j/dzqv7nlntxdp/wish/174991951