2.This was passed in 2008.

3. The act amended the original 1990 act to broaden what is considered a disability. This also reversed several supreme court cases that previously used too narrow of a view of disabilities.

4. It made coverage under the ADA much broader so many more people could be protected under it, as well as strengthening those protections for children with disabilities.

5. I would say this law addresses due process because it is ensuring equal treatment under the law for all children with disabilities.

2. 1990

3a. It accomplished becoming a law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life.

3b. It is unique because it gives equal opportunity by extending civil rights protection to people with disabilities, making these rights parallel to those available based on race, sex, national origin, and religion.

4. It benefited students because it gave equal opportunities in jobs. It benefited the rights of parents with disabilities and provides them with tools to ensure their children, with or without disabilities, are not discriminated against. It also benefited teachers because protects teachers with disabilities and ensures they receive the accommodations necessary to perform their jobs effectively. Lastly, it creates a more inclusive society that benefits everyone by expanding civil rights for people with disabilities. 

5. This act I think would fall under the pillar of due process because it contacts the parent to let them know what is going on in the classroom or outside of the classroom.

2. Passed in 1975

3a. It accomplished that all children with disabilities are entitled to a free appropriate public education. Schools must provide special education and related services designed to meet the unique needs of each student.

3b. It is unique because it was the first federal law to guarantee education as a right for children with disabilities.

4. It benefited students because it opened educational doors for millions of students with disabilities who were previously excluded from public schools. It benefited parents because it gave them the legal right to be key members of their child's IEP team and to have their input considered in decision-making. It benefits teachers because it gives them a structured tool to plan instruction and accommodations for students with disabilities.

5. It falls into the nondiscriminatory pillar because students with special education are provided a free, appropriate public education and protected against discriminatory practices that were common before its passage. 

2. Passed in 1954

3a. This case outlawed racial segregation in public schools declaring the doctrine of separate but equal unconstitutional and mandating the desegregation of American public education.

3b. It is unique because it overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine from Plessy v. Ferguson by declaring state-sanctioned segregation in public schools unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment.

4. It benefits students because students of different races learn together, strengthen students' civic and social experience. It benefits parents because families who are african american can now send their kids to schools of their choosing and no longer being forced to into segregated schools.

5. The pillar of special education this case would fall under is nondiscriminatory identification and evaluation.

b) This was unique because it was the first time federal funding was tied to academic performance and made standardized testing mandatory.

4. This benefitted students by bringing attention to academic achievement gaps and intervention support. Parents benefitted with school choice if standards weren't met and access to performance information. Teachers and schools benefitted by requiring highly qualified educators and receiving funding when performing well.

5. This specifically addressed Parent and Student Participation and Free Appropriate Public Education.

b) Was the first case to establish the right to education for children with disabilities and helped influence inclusive education nationwide.

4. Students gained the legal right to attend public school and inclusive education. Parents were given a voice in placement decisions. Teachers and schools were able to implement special education programs, trainings, and resources.

5. This addresses the Least Restrictive Environment, Due Process, and Parent and Student Participation.

b) It was the first Supreme Court ruling on special education. Established "some educational benefit" for FAPE.

4. Students were guaranteed access to at least some educational benefit. Parents are now able to legally challenge school decisions. Teachers and schools were given a clear understanding of legal requirements.

5. This reinforces the importance of the Individualized Education Program, Due Process, and Free and Appropriate Public Education.

b) This expanded the interpretation of services required by public schools to provide for students and cleared up any confusion around what services schools are responsible for.

4. Students benefitted with access to school provided services and equal opportunities for education. Parents are now allowed to demand necessary medical services and reduce the financial burden of doing it themselves. Schools and teachers encouraged support staff and training for student's needs.

5. This addresses Free and Appropriate Public Education, Least Restrictive Environment, and Due Process.

Year: 1973

What did it accomplish: “No individual can be excluded, solely because of their disability, from participating in or benefiting from any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance, which includes schools.” – Chapter 2 Pages 49-50

What makes it unique: “Unlike IDEA, which offers protections for students only between the ages of 3 and 21, Section 504 covers the individual’s life span.” – Chapter 2 Pages 49-50

How did it benefit students, parents, teachers, or anyone: “The first public law specifically aimed at protecting children and adults against discrimination due to a disability.” – Chapter 2 Pages 49-50

Which pillar of special ed did it address and how: This might fall under the Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) pillar since it’s about how students with disabilities have the right to a free and appropriate education tailored to their needs.

Year: 1997

What did it accomplish: Improved IDEA to provide eligible children with disabilities with a Free and Appropriate Education (FAPE)

What makes it unique: “Students with disabilities who exhibit less serious infractions of school conduct may be disciplined in ways similar to children without disabilities (including a change in placement) provided that the misbehavior was not a manifestation of the student's disability.” - https://biausa.org/public-affairs/public-policy/individuals-with-disabilities-education-act#:~:text=L.,manifestation%20of%20the%20student's%20disability.

 How did it benefit students, parents, teachers, or anyone: Strengthened the framework for special education by refining disciplinary procedures and emphasizing parental involvement and procedural safeguard. “Students with disabilities are included in statewide and districtwide assessment programs or given alternative assessments that meet their unique needs.” - https://biausa.org/public-affairs/public-policy/individuals-with-disabilities-education-act#:~:text=L.,manifestation%20of%20the%20student's%20disability.

 Which pillar of special ed did it address and how: I think it falls under the Procedural Safeguards pillar because it focuses on how to properly and safely discipline misbehavior in classrooms for students with disabilities.

Year: 1989

What did it accomplish: “Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals held that a segregated class was an appropriate placement for a student with Down syndrome. Preference for integrated placement viewed as secondary to the need for an appropriate education. Established a two-prong test for determining compliance with the least restrictive environment mandate for students with extensive support needs.” – Chapter 2 Page 42-43

What makes it unique: “Defined the standards for whether a child with disabilities should be placed in the least restrictive environment (LRE) and provided the courts with a two-part test to consider.” -https://www.3da.org/post/daniel-r-r-v-state-board-of-education-1989#:~:text=Daniel%20R.%20R.%20v.,two%2Dpart%20test%20to%20consider.

How did it benefit students, parents, teachers, or anyone: “The Daniel R. R. Test first considers if education in a regular classroom can be satisfactory with the use of supplemental aids and services. If not, the courts must consider if “the school has mainstreamed the child to the maximum extent appropriate”. More factors to consider are whether the child benefits educationally from general education if the state has made steps for accommodations, the overall mainstream experience, and their impact on peers.” https://www.3da.org/post/daniel-r-r-v-state-board-of-education-1989#:~:text=Daniel%20R.%20R.%20v.,two%2Dpart%20test%20to%20consider.

Which pillar of special ed did it address and how: I think that it falls under the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) pillar because it’s focusing on the standards for how a student with disabilities should be placed in an environment that would be most helpful to them.

Year: 1993

What did it accomplish: “This case established that if placement outside the classroom is necessary, the school district must then include the child in as many school programs with children who do not have disabilities “to the maximum extent appropriate.” https://pubintlaw.org/cases-and-projects/oberti-v-board-of-education-of-the-borough-of-clementon/

What makes it unique: “Established inclusion with supplementary aids and services as the presumption because it is “a fundamental value of the right to public education for children with disabilities.”

How did it benefit students, parents, teachers, or anyone: “A student cannot be excluded from a general education classroom solely because curriculum, services, or other practices would require modification. Excluding a learner from the general education classroom necessitates justification and documentation.” – Chapter 2 Page 41

Which pillar of special ed did it address and how: I think it address the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) pillar because it’s confirming that no student should be excluded from learning because of their disability.