Space debris has become a growing concern. Some spacecraft, are now armored to deal with this hazard. Armor and mitigation measures make satellites or human spaceflight vehicles like the shuttles very expensive and heavy.

The paper explores the different sources and mitigation methods of space debris. The paper proposes the use of nanobot and nanotube mesh technique, the use of decayable material for manufacturing of space machines and suggests the proper segregation and decomposition of the space debris and use of some it for energy generation and space structure also.

The space debris is very hazardous if it collides with a spacecraft or even a space walking astronaut. No one with a venture in the future of outer space would dispute the fact that near-Earth orbit has become increasingly populated with man-made junk and hence, the probability of accident due to this has grown to very high level. They all have the potential to be mortal because of the speed that they travel with. Space debris has been growing exponentially with the advancement in technology.

Their sources include big bangs in Earth orbit, Lost Equipment, Boosters, Debris from and as a weapon.

The debris are categorized according to their size and their effects are mentioned. Collisions with large debris cause catastrophic accidents. Smaller debris hinder communication.

Solutions mentioned for these problems focus on better construction and use of appropriate materials. Reduction of debris can be reduced by using decayable materials. An innovative idea of producing energy using the debris with the help of fuel cells is highlighted. Recycling of the debris, although mentioned is expected to be a tedious task.

Reference: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/584739main_Wings-ch5d-pgs370-407.pdf

2) What are the medical requirements to become an astronaut?

3) How much radiation exposure is harmful to the astronauts well-being?

4) What are the methods used by astronaut to maintain fitness in space?

2) NASA's physical requirements include, but are not limited to:

"Distant and near visual acuity: Must be correctable to 20/20, each eye

The refractive surgical procedures of the eye, PRK and LASIK, are allowed

Blood pressure not to exceed 140/90 measured in a sitting position.

Standing height between 62 and 75 inches"

3) NASA guidelines suggest that astronauts should not receive more than 1000mSv of radiation throughout their lifetimes, an amount at which cancer risk increases by 5%.

4) Astronauts use a treadmill, rower, and cycle ergometer for maintaining an acceptable level of fitness in microgravity.

2) Are you satisfied with the laws regarding Space debris ? If not, what are your suggestions ?

3) What are the new ideas that have emerged from this research work ?

4) Why was this research work important ?

2)The laws that exist are pretty much sufficient, but with the damage increasing, rather than, ceasing a few additions would be helpful.

For example, each country should be allowed to act on the space debris in it's own region independent of the international council. It should have the freedom to try and demolish the larger debris into smaller ones.

3) New ways to mitigate space debris, like recycling of debris and production of energy using them, have been proposed.

4) This work has given useful outputs in terms of strategies to reduce the harms caused by space debris, which was beginning to pose as a major threat to space missions, which are very much essential in this era.

I further wanted to access a research paper about the recent developments in the International Space Law. So this time I searched about "Space Law papers". The very first link that I got was that of the International Institute of Space Law(IISL):http://www.iislweb.org/publications.html. I saw a hyperlink there for the "I.H.Ph. Diederiks-Verschoor Award for Best Paper by a Young Author". It is through this that i got access to the previous years award winning papers, including that of Olavo de Oliveira Bittencourt Neto (Brazil) for his paper The Elusive Frontier: Revisiting the Delimitation of Outer Space. This is the research paper that i have used in this presentation.

2)Place where the paper was materialized:University of São Paulo, Brazil.

3)Year of publication:2012

4)URL of the Paper:The Elusive Frontier: Revisiting the Delimitation of Outer Space

links:

1.http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html

2.www.iislweb.org/publications.html

3.http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Diederiks2012.pdf

4.www.iislweb.org/bio/Bio-bittencourt.pdf

5.http://in.linkedin.com/pub/olavo-bittencourt-neto/16/9a6/7b1

6.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEx08fALbnk

7.http://law.leiden.edu/organisation/publiclaw/iiasl/about/

The Right Stuff - Tom Wolfe

Website:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_medicine

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/1025.html

http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/European_Astronaut_Selection/Concept_of_aeromedical_fitness_and_associated_medical_certificate_requirement

http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/travelinginspace/30sept_spacemedicine.html

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/space_days/activities/healthInSpace/aboutHealthInSpace.pdf

http://writing.byu.edu/sites/default/files/writing150winners/1999_JB_Space%20Flight%20Victory.pdf

1) From a scale of 1-10 how hard are you willing to work to become an astronaut?

2) Should we attempt a Mars mission despite the radiation risks to the astronauts' health?

a) Yes

b) No

3) Should there be a minimum amount of time astronauts are required to spend in space?
a) Yes

b) No

4) What kind of people do you think go on to make astronauts? (multiple options can be selected)

a) Doctors

b) Air Force pilots

c) Bankers

d) Recently graduated college students

5) Should astronauts' training be paid for by the government or by the astronauts themselves?

a) By the astronauts

b) by the government

1) Venture: a risky or daring journey or undertaking.

2) Voyages: a long journey involving travel in space.

3) Cascade: a process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.

4) Ephemeris: a table or data file giving the calculated positions of a celestial object at regular intervals throughout a period.

5) Shrapnel: fragments of a bomb, shell, or other object thrown out by an explosion.

6) Expendable: of relatively little significance, and therefore able to be abandoned or destroyed.

7) Micrometeorites: a tiny meteorite having a diameter of 10-40 micrometres, found especially in rainwater and seawater, having entered the atmosphere as a micrometeoroid (extremely small meteoroid).

8) Regimes: a systematic/ordered way of doing things.

9) Deployment: the ​movement of ​​equipment to a ​place where they can be used when they are ​needed.

2. Non-profit organization Mars One plans to establish a permanent human colony on Mars by 2023.

3. The environmental consequences of relying on fossil fuels are well known. Nuclear fission power creates radioactive waste for which no safe, cost effective, long term solution has been found. Renewable energy sources alone cannot generate sufficient power. New energy sources are needed and two candidates require access to space: Space Solar Power Systems (SSPS) and nuclear fusion. SSPS has been studied for several decades and would use solar arrays in Earth orbit, lunar orbit or on the lunar surface to collect solar energy and beam the power back to Earth.

4.Space tourism will be well developed with inter planetary and orbital space travel.

1. Helps us mitigate/reduce the harmful effects of space debris, and its further creation.
2. Reduces the risk involved in space explorations and increases the chances of its success.
3. Space debris can now be used to generate energy.
4. It can also be used to create a protective barrier.
5. Recycling of materials (especially metals) obtained as space debris reduces the cost of the new project immensely.
   

1.Temperature:Extreme climate especially very cold temperatures around -70°C and also as cold as -100, such that dry ice is formed and water converts into vapour.

2.Atmosphere:Very thin atmosphere which is almost vacuum. Our saliva and inner water lining of lungs will start to boil if there is a leak in our suit.

3.Dust storms: Lead to very low visibility, as low as 1% of the sunlight reaching Mars's surface.

4.Contamination: If Mars is colonized then its contamination is inevitable as rovers can be sterilized but humans cannot.Some microorganisms have the capability to reproduce in extreme climates.

5.Waste generation problem: Waste cannot be disposed off properly and will probably have to burn up in the atmosphere. daily activities like washing clothes is also difficult to imagine.

Another technical video(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tN_CvGJKMOs) on space debris, was found along side the video from gravity.

While searching for "research papers on Space Debris" on the net, I came across, http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/pathfinders/debris.htm

1) Destruction of debris using lasers.

(Lasers can be directed with the help of latest technology to destroy the debris).

*If we are able to collect the space debris,

Target Audience:

People working on space

OBJECTIVE of the Survey:

To gather Knowledge about the possible contributions of people working on space towards reduction of space debris, to find the areas under space that space debris significantly affects.

SUB-TOPICS: