Linguistic knowledge provides the structural and lexical foundation of language competence. It encompasses the learner’s understanding of sounds, word formation, sentence structure, meaning, and writing conventions, enabling them to produce accurate, intelligible, and meaningful communication in the target language.

Phonological, Morphological, Syntactic, Lexical,  and Semantic Knowledge.

• Use language appropriately across contexts and relationships.

• Interpret implied meanings and cultural nuances.

• Adjust speech, tone, and nonverbal behavior to fit different situations.

It is essential for communicative competence, as even grammatically perfect sentences can sound awkward or impolite if used in the wrong social context.

Developing discourse competence enables learners to:

• Participate effectively in conversations,

• Write coherent essays or reports,

• Understand longer spoken and written texts, and

• Adapt their communication to different contexts and audiences.

Types of Strategic Knowledge:

Communication Strategies

o   Paraphrasing

o   Approximation

o   Circumlocution

o   Code-switching

o   Nonverbal strategies

Learning Strategies

o   Cognitive strategies

o   Metacognitive strategies

o   Social/affective strategies

Repair and Compensation Strategies

o   Clarification requests

o   Confirmation checks

o   Self-correction

Key Components of Intercultural Knowledge:

·       Cultural Awareness

·       Pragmatic and Sociocultural Competence

·       Cultural Interpretation and Empathy

·       Adaptability and Flexibility

·       Knowledge of Cultural Products and Practices