I need to know if it would be to distracting because it has some cool stuff on it

Make background less distracting

Add a name to the final project

Ms. Bhandari

Language Arts 7

14 February 2025

Taylor Wilson’s Story

Taylor Wilson is a nuclear scientist. He is interests me due to his nuclear fusion reactor that he built at the age of fourteen. This is interesting since he powered through extreme ageism to even get a place to build the reactor. At a young age Taylor was interested in science. I picked him because I can relate to him, being subject to ageism.

Taylor Wilson faced extreme ageism, being 14 and not having a formal education on nuclear physics makes a lot of people think he’s unqualified to do his little experiment. Wilson persevered though, “There's nothing that's impossible to me. You can ask my parents.”. said Taylor during an interview. After he finally got University of Nevadas to provide a lab for him, he built his reactor.

Taylor Wilson entered a radiation detector that he built into a science fair in May 2010 against 1,500 other competitors. He won the 1st prize and 50,000 USD. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the U.S. Department of Energy hired him to put his radiation detectors in Iran, North Korea, and other high-risk countries. Soon after he got a patent on his detectors. Taylor had helped the world and maybe even prevented a few nuclear wars.  

Work Cited

1.      brainyquote.com

2.      helena.org

Ms. Bhandari

7^th Grade English Language Arts

3 March 2025

Mary Golda Ross Stem Sticker Project Paper

                Mary Golda Ross is an interesting scientist to me because she works in the aerospace industry, and I am interested in this field of STEM. I have heard about her before this project, but I wanted to learn more about her career and her struggles. I personally, am really intrigued by planes and aviation, and Mary worked on the P-38 lightning, a fighter plane from WWII. I am also curious about high-speed flight like how Mary improved the P-38 lightning’s to fly almost at the speed of sound. Another thing that was interesting about her was she worked for Lockheed Martin’s top secret Skunks Works division. Skunks Works developed the top-secret Sr-71 Blackbird, which I personally think is a cool advanced spy plane capable of flying at speeds of Mach 3 or higher. She also inspired me because she was a Native American woman who was working a job that was dominate by white men at the time.

Mary Golda Ross had to overcome racism and sexism throughout her career. Airandspace.si.edu mentions she worked in the aerospace field from the early 1940s to the 1970s. During her time working at Lockheed Martin, of time sexism was really thick in the aerospace industry. According to Timmothy Lake, she was the first woman to work for Lockheed Martin (3). Another struggle she faced was racism. Britannica.com states,” That made her, by many accounts, the first Native woman to become an engineer.”

Mary Golda Ross is important to the aerospace industry because she studied how aircrafts respond to aerodynamic forces. She worked in the Aerospace industry from 1942 to 1973 at Lockheed Martin’s top secret Skunks Works program. Britannica.com mentioned she got into her job because WWII increased the need for their skills, which provided Ross with an opportunity to work outside of education. In paragraph 6 it states,” In 1952 Ross became one of the original members of Lockheed’s Advanced Development Projects unit, popularly known as Skunk Works, which became the American aerospace industry’s leading military aircraft developer.” According to Timmothy Lake, while working at Lockheed, she concentrated on improving the design, specifically the aerodynamics of the P-38 lightning, which was a fighter plane used throughout WWII (3). In paragraph 3 that article states,” Although the breadth of Ross’s contributions remains a secret, it is known that some of her work included creating design concepts for interplanetary travel, developing operational guidelines for spacecraft and orbiting satellites, and theorizing about the logistics of potential space travel to Mars and Venus.” I chose Mary Golda Ross because she worked in the aerospace industry, she gained the title of being the first woman and native American to work at Lockheed Martin, and because she contributed to improving aerodynamics of aircrafts.

Works Cited

Margolis, Emily A. and Montiel, Anya. “Mary Golda Ross: Aerospace Engineer, Educator, and Advocate” airandspace, 11 February 2022. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/mary-g-ross-aerospace-engineer

Lake, Timmothy. “Mary Golda Ross” Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Golda-Ross

Ms. Bhandari

7^th Grade English Language Arts

14 February 2025

Gertrude Elion: Biochemist, Pharmacologist, and Life Changer

Gertrude Elion may not be the first name you think of when you think of a scientist, but she made life changing discoveries. She was a biochemist and pharmacologist who developed medicine to treat leukemia, malaria, AIDS, and to prevent kidney transplant rejection. In recognition of her work, she won a Nobel Prize for medicine, secured forty-five patents in medicine, and was awarded twenty-three honorary degrees. Specifically, she created a medicine called azathioprine which is a type of immunosuppressant used to fight rejection in organ transplants. When an organ is donated, the recipient’s body would naturally recognize the organ as a threat and try to kill it. Immunosuppressants reduce the body’s antibodies that fight foreign organisms like bacteria and viruses. Gertude Elion has a special place in my heart because my mom may be donating a kidney soon to a dear friend. Through Gertude Elion’s work, he may be able to live a long, full life aided by immunosuppressants. I also have an interest in chemistry, so her field of science is extremely interesting to me. It’s so cool to see all the atoms that we can’t even see with a microscope make something that we use in our everyday lives.

Even though Gertrude Elion made some amazing discoveries, she struggled due to sexism. The editors of Biography.com write about how she graduated from Hunter College with a degree in biochemistry, but she was unable to obtain a graduate research position. Why? Because she was a woman. People simply didn’t think women could do anything worthwhile. She also struggled to obtain degrees. Encyclopedia Britannica writes that Gertrude Elion worked many jobs such as a lab assistant in 1937, an assistant organic chemist in 1938, a chemistry and physics teacher in New York City high schools in 1940, and a research chemist at Johnson & Johnson in 1943. During this time, she also took classes at New York University, but she was unable to obtain a PhD because she couldn’t fully devote herself to classes due to all of these jobs. Even with these struggles, she managed to invent life-saving medicine! How cool is that?

Gertude Elion was extremely important to her field of science. The medicine she created has saved so many lives and made it easier for lots of people to conduct kidney transplants. Gertrude Elion (along with George Hitchings) created seven different medicines.  According to Kara Rogers on Britannica, “Their success was due primarily to their innovative research methods, which marked a radical departure from the trial-and-error approach taken by previous pharmacologists.” The most important medicine was azathioprine, seeing as that was what won her the Nobel Prize. It paved the way for other immunosuppressants to be created in the future. Even though Gertrude Elion passed away in 1999, her research and medicine lives on, changing lives every day.

Work Cited

Biography.com Editors. “Gertrude B. Elion” Biography, 2 April 2014. https://www.biography.com/scientist/gertrude-b-elion

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Gertrude B. Elion". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 January 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gertrude-B-Elion.

Rogers, Kara. "immunosuppressant". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/science/immunosuppressant.

Rogers, Kara. "antiviral drug". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jan. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/science/antiviral-drug.

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th grade English Language Arts

14 February 2025

                                          Katia Krafft Gleason Research Paper

Katia Krafft is interesting to me because she likes volcanoes, and she studies them and does a lot with helping understand volcanoes. What I also like about Katia Krafft is how she had a lot of triumphs and important moments in her life. Volcanoes just seem amazing in general because of the molten hot lava, the structure, and what It can do. Katia Krafft is also interesting to me because she had a lot of bravery, and when she died it was doing what she loved. In the article, “Scientist Katia Krafft Stood on the Edge of Active Volcano Craters”, it  states how she died and when, “The Krafft’s lost their lives, along with more than 40 others during the eruption of Mount Unzen in Japan on June 3, 1991, when the Krafft’s were caught in a pyroclastic flow of rock, gas and ash moving at speeds of over 100 miles per hour, with temperatures of more than 800 degrees Fahrenheit. Katia was 49; Maurice, 45” (“Ward”). Maurice was Katia’s husband.

Katia Krafft faced sexism. I know this because she was a girl and almost every single girl in the world has faced sexism or any other time of personal struggle. She also helped other girls who wanted to be scientists with their own sexism problems. In the article, “Katia Krafft legacy”, it shows how she helped them, “Being one of the first women in the field of volcanology, Katia paved the way for future women scientists”. This shows how she is the only woman who was let into that field; therefore, women didn’t feel good about participating in that field of Volcanology until Katia led the way.

Katia Krafft is important to her Volcanology discipline because she wrote many books about her studies which encouraged many people to explore volcanology. She wrote about 20 books and a plethora about the volcanoes across the globe. In the article, “Scientist Katia Krafft Stood on the Edge of Active Volcano Craters”, the text states:

“ It is not known exactly what drew Katia to this very specific interest but what we do know is that Katia brought a formidable intelligence to their partnership; together, the Krafft’s wrote about 20 books and a plethora of scientific papers on volcanoes across the globe. In the process, they helped educate those living in volcanic areas about the hazards of their sleeping behemoth neighbors.”

She helped educate those living in volcanic areas about the hazards of the volcanoes nearby. And each year there is an award given by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry to those making significant contributions to volcanology. This is how she was important to her STEM discipline.

                                                                  Works cited

“Katia Krafft Gleason Research Paper” confinity, 2024.   https://www.confinity.com/legacies/katia-krafft.

Ward, Tom. “Katia Krafft Gleason Research Paper” atlasobscura, 16 March 2022. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/katia-krafft-volcanologist.

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th grade Language Arts

14 February 2025       

John Urschel Gleason Research Paper

John Urschel is an assistant professor at the MIT Math department and a Junior Fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows. His research focuses on matrix analysis, which is the study of basis dependent linear algebra (Urschel’s Homepage), and numerical analysis. He has a PhD in mathematics that he completed in 2021. Dr. Urschel’s thesis, ‘Graphs, Principal Minors, and Eigenvalue Problems’ (Eye Gehn Value) was awarded the SIAM DiPrima Prize, which recognizes early career researchers in applied mathematics and is based on the doctoral dissertation (SIAM). Previously, Dr. Urschel was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study, which is one of the world’s foremost centers for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry (understanding through questioning).

                I think this person is interesting because he had to decide between football, which is a very athletic sport, and mathematics, which has only 4-6% African Americans, which Dr. Urschel is. So am I. I’m also thinking about going into a STEM career, engineering specifically.  From the source Onward State, John Urschel states that, “ I believe that it’s important that more attention is drawn to the things athletes do outside of sports, That sort of narrative sort of perpetuates and environment in which people don’t feel completely comfortable pursuing something outside of sports. Not just me, but the majority of athletes.” He also explains that his love for a challenge is something that he has had since he was a child. Like me, I also like having some sort of challenge to overcome.

                Even though his career seemed great, there are bound to be some obstacles. Some of them can include racism; according to www.ams.org , John Urschel had faced it at his welcoming reception for entering his class of math graduate students. He was asking a fourth-year graduate math student for directions to the main math office, and he told him directions, but also told him he could, “tie a rope to the ceiling and swing over to the other side.” Which was extremely disrespectful. First year graduate John Urschel was left feeling unwelcome and angry. He also struggled to choose between mathematics and football because he liked the adrenaline he got from it, but also was very good at math.

WORKS CITED

“John Urschel’s homepage” John Urschel, Biography 2020

“Richard C. DiPrima Prize” SIAM, 2025

“John Urschel talks challenges”  Onward State,  2025

Ms. Bhandari

7^th Grade English Language Arts

14 February 2025

Alice Ball Research Paper

            Alice Ball was an amazing scientist who created the “Ball Method” to help treat patients with leprosy. She was one of the first women to earn a degree in chemistry, and her work is still important today with people struggling with leprosy. She relates to me because she shows that with hard work and determination, I can achieve my goals and make a difference in the world, just like she did.

            Alice Ball faced many challenges in achieving her goals. As a woman in the early 20th century, she dealt with sexism in a male-dominated field of chemistry. She also had to overcome the difficulties of being an African American at a time when racial discrimination was widespread. Despite these adversities, she became the first woman to earn a degree from the University of Hawaii.

            Alice Ball was really important to medicine and chemistry because she created the 'Ball Method' which helped treat people with leprosy. Before her work, there weren't good treatments for this disease. She figured out how to make the oil from chaulmoogra seeds more effective for patients. Her method was used for many years and saved lots of lives. Alice was one of the first women to earn a degree in chemistry, and she showed how important it is for women in STEM fields.

Works Cited

·         Who Was Alice Augusta Ball? | Smithsonian

·         https://www.unmc.edu/healthsecurity/transmission/2023/04/11/overlooked-no-more-alice-ball-chemist-who-created-a-treatment-for-leprosy/

7th Grade English Language Arts

February 14, 2025

John Hopkinson Research Paper

My scientist is John Hopkins. His field of stem is a bunch of things like physics and engineering the reasons he’s interesting to me is because I think it’s cool that he does so many different things and it is a very important and cool things to learn. I also never heard of him until I found out about him in science cause the guy, I thought I was doing was the wrong john. On a cite one of the text says that He was also the oldest of 5 children his father was also a scientist is field of STEM was mechanical engineering. According to Britannica, John Hokinson was also known for winning a scholarship at trinity college, in 1867 and graduated in 1871. This cite was very helping because it gave me one a lot of information but a lot of information I never knew about my scientist. These are the reasons I think he is interesting and why I picked him. John Hopkinson, he didn’t struggle with too much living a successful life. But the one thing on Mac Tutor the website said that he did die at a young age of 49 if he wouldn’t have died, at such a young age he would have done so much more he had so much potential to. A John Hopkinson when he was the peak of his career, he had lost a lot of family even loosing most of his children. This is John Hopkinson’s struggle.

John’s importance to his STEM is a very long-term invention. This was beneficial because the text says how in the long term it would be used for generator’s this is important cause generators if needed you would use to help you have energy. Just in case of incidents of like tornado power outages or just any disasters that could shut your power down. The reason he was so important to his field of STEM is cause without him we wouldn’t have the generators we have today. The cite was useful because I knew what he did, but it gave me a reason of why it was important to have these wires. So that’s why he was so important to his STEM discipline.

Work Cited

Written and fact checked by “Encyclopedia” Britannica, Jul 20, 1998, https://

Written by JJO'ConnorandEFRobertson,Mactutor,February2005 andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hopkinson/

Ms. Bhandari

7^th Grade English Language Arts      

14 February 2025

Dr. Alan L Hart

 My STEM professional is Dr. Alan L Hart a public health specialist and radiologist. I choose him because he saved many lives with his work and, back in the early 1900s it was illegal to be gay and things like being trans was unheard of. He was trans in a time where queer rights were in turmoil especially trans rights like today, and as someone who identifies as trans it is great to see a transgender scientist in the 1900s. Nowadays its hard not to feel like people like me only exist now and are new and won’t last long. Some people in power are doing all they can to make people think that trans people are wrong, trying to make trans people feel wrong. Sometimes it feels a little helpless and I’m scared for the future. But it really helps to now that people like me have existed for years and years and have always been helping even if you don’t now it. That’s a big reason why I wanted to choose Alan Hart. Alan was instrumental in ending the tuberculosis outbreak in the 1900s where tuberculosis was often untreated and fatal. Without his work many others would have died.

Alan faced many hardships in his life. He was born as a girl with the name Alberta Lucille Hart on October 4, 1890, but in childhood he was free to be himself. During college Alan had to be a woman. After he graduated in 1917, he sought treatment from a psychiatrist for an unrelated issue and was diagnosed with what we would call today, gender dysphoria. After that he decided to continue his life as a man getting one of the first sex reassignment surgery in the US. He later interned at the San Francisco hospital where a former classmate outed him, and Hart had to resign. This continued for years forcing Hart to move from city to city. According to Connecticut history.org his medical school even threatened to bar him from practicing medicine.

Even though he died of heart failure on July 1, 1962, Hart’s work carries on. He was the first to use radiology to see tuberculosis in the early stages. While working in the radiology department of Tacoma General Hospital, Alan Hart recognized that although patients who had obvious TB infections were being treated, no one was getting ahead of the disease to manage the spread from asymptomatic patients.” -ScienceATL.org. In 1937 Hart was Idaho’s Tuberculosis Control Officer and he established many mobile TB screening clinics. Using the x-rays employed in Hart’s Chest Clinics many more people got treatment, stopping the spread of this highly contagious disease. Thanks to him, Tuberculosis is under control.  Alan was also an author writing several books all having to do with medicine and were also semiauto biographical. Alan Hart contributed much to the field of medicine providing a safe way to identify Tuberculosis early with out his work Tuberculosis would have spread and killed many more people.

Works Cited

Deluca, Leo “Trailblazing Transgender Doctor Saved Countless Lives” Scientific American, 2021. Trailblazing Transgender Doctor Saved Countless Lives | Scientific American

Keehnen, Owen “Dr. Alan L. Hart – Inductee” The Legacy Project, NA. Alan L. Hart | Legacy Project Chicago

Wiley, Emma “Alan L. Hart: Pioneer in Medicine and Transgender History” Connecticut History.org, June 1 2023. Alan L. Hart: Pioneer in Medicine and Transgender History - Connecticut History | a CTHumanities Project

Young, Morgen “Alan Hart (1890-1962}” oregonencyclopedia,  March 11,2022. Alan Hart (1890-1962)  

“Untold Story Celebrating Pride: Alan Hart” scienceatl, June 25,2021. Untold Story Celebrating Pride: Alan Hart - Science ATL

Ms. Bhandari

7^th Grade English Language Arts

14 February 2025

Mary Edwards Walker Research Paper

Mary Edwards Walker is interesting to me because she’s a battlefield surgeon. Mary was a surgeon during the civil war, but was taken prisoner for five months. In Brittanica: Mary Edwards Walker, it says, “Walker was apparently the only woman so engaged in the Civil War. She was assigned to the 52nd Ohio Regiment in Tennessee, and she quickly adopted standard officers’ uniform, suitably modified. From April to August 1864, she was a prisoner in Richmond, Virginia.” I think she is very brave for facing all the struggles, and five months in prison. Mary Edwards Walker is very interesting because she has faced many adversities as a female surgeon during the civil war.

            Mary Edwards Walker overcame several adversities to achieve her goal, including sexism. Mary was given a contract to be an acting assistant surgeon, but ended up being located at a women’s prison and an orphanage. In Brittanica: Mary Edwards Walker, It says, “In October she was given a contract as ‘acting assistant surgeon,’ but she was assigned to a women’s prison hospital and then to an orphanage. She left government service in June 1865 and a short time later was awarded a Medal of Honor.” Mary Edwards Walker was discriminated against simply because of her gender; she was promised a role that she was not given. Mary Edwards Walker overcame sexism to achieve her goals and eventually receive the medal of honor.

Mary Edwards Walker is important to her STEM discipline because she is a surgeon, which are highly valued when they are good at what they do. Mary contributed to helping soldiers recover and get back on the field, or get the proper medical attention that they require. In Brittanica: Mary Edwards Walker, It states, “Mary Edwards Walker (born November 26, 1832, near Oswego, New York, U.S.—died February 21, 1919, Oswego) was an American physician and reformer who is thought to have been the first female surgeon formally engaged for field duty during the Civil War. She is the only woman to receive the Medal of Honor.” Because of Mary, many soldiers were able to get the help that they needed and get back out on the field. Mary Edwards Walker was very important to her STEM discipline, and was undervalued simply because of her gender.

Works Cited

“Mary Edwards Walker” Brittanica. American Civil War | History, Summary, Dates, Causes, Map, Timeline, Battles, Significance, & Facts | Britannica

Alexander, Kerri Lee. “Mary Edwards Walker” National Women’s history museum. Biography: Mary Edwards Walker

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th Grade English Language Arts

14 February 2025

Raye Jean Montague

Raye Montague is interesting to me because they work for the navy, and she loves engineering. She is interesting to me because I like to swim,  and I always thought that boats were cool. In the text “Raye Jean Montague” by “The History Makers” it states, ”Initially, Montague aspired to study engineering”. Later in the text, it also states, ”Montague was promoted to program director of the Naval Sea Systems Command”. Since boats are an interest of mine, it’s interesting to me that she worked for the navy, and engineering makes me think about boats, so that’s why it interesting to me that she was an engineer.

 Some adversities that Raye Montague had to overcome to achieve her goals is that  no colleges in Arkansas permitted engineering degrees to African American students, and people thought the young black girl would never grow up to be an engineer. Not being able to go to the engineering program was a big problem for Montague to overcome, and so is everyone around you saying that you will never be an engineer because of your race. In the text by “The History Makers” it says, “Initially, Montague aspired to study engineering but received her B.S. degree in business because the engineering program did not accept African American students.” In a different passage called  “Naval Sea Systems Command” It states, “Oh, you’d have to be an engineer, but you don’t have to worry about that,” a man in the text  told her, implying that a young black girl would never grow up to be an engineer. Not being able to go to the engineering program was a big problem because she needs her education and sources to be able to do her work better, and racism was a big problem because it made her think she couldn’t be an engineer.  Adversities that Raye Montague had to overcome to achieve her goals where,  no colleges in Arkansas permitted engineering degrees to African American students, and people thought that Raye would never grow up to be an engineer.

Raye Montague is important to her STEM discipline, which is engineering. Engineering is a very important STEM discipline. In the text, “The History Makers” it says, “Raye Montague worked for the Navy as a clerk and went to night school to learn computer science. She later became an engineer and was the first person to develop a ship using a computer-generated system.” Raye Montague is important to her STEM discipline, she went through multiple adversities, and she is interesting to me. That is why I chose Raye Montague for the STEM sticker project.

Works Cited

Hurley, Todd. “Raye Montague, a U.S. Navy “Hidden Figure”” Naval Sea Systems Command, 2021. https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Media/News/Article/2549135/raye-montague-a-us-navy-hidden-figure/. (Hurley)

The History Makers. ”Raye Jean Montague” The History Makers, 2025. https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/raye-jean-montague. (The History Makers)

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th Grade English Language Arts

14 February 2025

Peggy Whitson Research Paper

The reason Peggy Whitson is interesting to me is because I was always fascinated by space as a kid, my love for space is what made me love science class so much, from second grade to now seventh grade. For me it has always been an easy subject to learn due to my fascination. Ever since I learned about planets and stars, I have always wanted to see them and study them. I first found out about Peggy when I was in fourth grade, and when I heard that she was a female astronaut that made so many accomplishments I knew I wanted to learn more about her. Especially because she was a woman working in a male dominated field.

One of the struggles that Peggy faced was sexism, she was a female in a male dominated career, due to this NASA rejected her four times over the course of nine to ten years. They were saying that they were not looking for female astronauts at the time, even though they had other women astronauts. Although NASA was trying to overcome the gender bias, women in NASA were still lagging behind men in achievements (Howell 2023). Even though she was rejected that many times she still went for it and tried her best, after around her fifth attempt to get into NASA, over the course of around ten years, she finally made it into NASA. Due to how long it took Peggy to get in she felt more confident because she had more time to learn and grow her knowledge on space, the solar system, and NASA. She also felt more prepared to be the first non-military chief of the astronaut office and the first female commander of the ISS (Brosh 2023). This shows that even through sexism you can push forward and make achievements and accomplish anything.

Peggy Whitson made many achievements for women, and NASA. Peggy did a lot of things as a woman for NASA in terms of space flight such as, her being the first female to command the ISS in 2008, and she did that for the second time in 2017, she also has spent the most days in space (665) for women and men in America, and she also has the most space walks for any woman in America. Peggy has in addition won countless awards for what she has done. Peggy has gotten six NASA awards such as, the Outstanding Leadership Medal, the  Space Flight Medal (twice), the Exceptional Service Medal, the Silver Snoopy Award, the Tech Brief Award, and the Space Act Board Award. She has also gotten other awards and medals, not just from NASA such as, the Micheal Collins Trophy for Lifetime Achievement, the Women in Aviation Lifetime Achievement, a medal for “Merit in Space Exploration,” and the Women in Space Award (Axiom Space). Due to her winning each of these medals and awards, she has led many women to want to explore space and walk in her footsteps, and eventually make greater achievements.

Works Cited

Broch, Bianca. “America's most experienced astronaut was rejected 4 times before joining NASA” MSNBC, 7 Aug 2023. https://www.msnbc.com/know-your-value/career-growth/america-s-most-experienced-astronaut-was-rejected-4-times-joining-n1306953

Howell, Elizabeth. “Peggy Whitson: Record-holding astronaut” Space.com, 3 sep 2023, https://www.space.com/38691-peggy-whitson-astronaut-biography.html

Space, Axiom. “Peggy Whitson” 2025, Axiom Space https://www.axiomspace.com/astronaut/peggy-whitson

Ms. Bhandari

7th Grade English Language Arts

14 February 2025

Mary Eliza Mahoney Research Paper

I chose Mary Eliza Mahoney. I am interested in Mary Eliza Mahoney because she was an advocate for the greater equality of women and African Americans. Mahoney’s nursing career supported these passions. She was the first African American licensed nurse. At the age of 33, Mahoney was admitted to the hospital’s professional graduate school for nursing in 1878. The program, which lasted 16 months, was harsh. Many students were not able to make it to end of the course, with only four out of the forty-two students being able to complete it. Mahoney was one of the four women to finish the program, making her the first African American in the United States to earn a professional nursing license. Throughout her career, Mahoney faced significant adversities. As the first African American professionally trained nurse, she encountered racial discrimination and prejudice both during her training and professional life which made it extremely difficult for her to acquire acceptance into nursing programs and to find employment. In paragraph 6 of Breaking Barriers: A History of Mary Eliza Mahoney, it says that even after facing these challenges, including limited opportunities for work and advancement due to her race, Mahoney worked hard to provide excellent care and fought for the acceptance and recognition of African American nurses. Aside Mahoney’s excellent personal career, she is also remembered for her part in professional organizations. According to the Women’s History article, Biography: Mary Eliza Mahoney, she was an early member of what would later become the American Nurses Association (ANA). In 1908, Mahoney co-founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN) alongside Adah B. Thoms. Mahoney was a passionate supporter of women’s right to vote and equality for nursing education. At the age of 79, when the 19th Amendment passed, Mahoney was one of the first women in Boston to register to vote. Works Cited Spring, Kelly. “Mary Mahoney.” National Women’s History Museum. National Women’s History Museum, 2017. Biography: Mary Eliza Mahoney “Breaking Barriers: A History of Mary Eliza Mahoney” 4 April 2022. Breaking Barriers: A History of Mary Eliza Mahoney

Ms. Bhandari

Language Arts 7

14 Febuary 2025

Life of Grace Hopper

I chose Grace Hopper because she is a very smart and intelligent women who is a mathematician and a coder. I have always been so in love with math. I never got the best math education at my old school; I exceled at math and was named advanced in 6^th grade. I was two grades ahead in math, but my school did not move me up instead they just piled work from 8^th grade math on top of my 6^th grade math. They did not teach me, and instead they just gave me work to complete. Because of this I moved to STEM, because here at STEM they are teaching me rather than giving me extra work. Because of this I love Grace Hopper, and she is my idol, and I aspire to be as smart and brave as her and excel at math like her.  She had 2 degrees in mathematics, but most of her career she helped code the Mark II and the Mark III, which are two of the earliest computers.

Grace Hopper was a Navy reserve officer who worked on coding early computers. She studied Mathematics and Physics while she was at Vassar college. She earned her bachelor’s degree from Vassar before moving onto Yale University. While at Yale she earned a master’s degree in mathematics and a Ph.D. in mathematics. She was one of the first women to earn a Ph.D. This was especially great because she earned her degree in times of great sexism, and in a male dominant field.

She used her degree to become an associate professor at Vassar, she taught until World War II. She joined the U.S. Naval Reserve; she wanted to join the Navy because her grandfather served in the Navy. In 1944 she was commissioned as a lieutenant. Because of her degrees in mathematics, she was assigned to the ‘Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project’ which was at Harvard University. That is where she learned how to code the Mark I computer which later led to her helping code the Mark II and the Mark III. (Biography.com) She also wrote the 561-page user manual for the Mark I. After the war ended rather than going back to Vassar she wanted to continue her work with the computers. Later in 1946, she left active service after she requested for a regular commission which was denied due to her age. However, she remained a naval reservist for the Navy. She continued to work on the Mark II and the Mark III under a Navy Contract. After three years the Naval contract let up, she left Harvard because they did not have any permanent positions for women at the time. (Yale.edu) she was very important to her field of STEM because she helped code the Mark II and Make III, the first computers.

 Works Cited

Biography.com. “Grace Hopper”, 10 May 2021. Grace Hopper - Computer Coder, Education & Achievements

University of Yale. “Biography of Grace Murray Hopper”. https://president.yale.edu.biography-grace-murray-hopper.com.

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th Grade English Language Arts

14 February 2025

Maggie Aderin-Pocock

Maggie Aderin-Pocock is an inspiring scientist with many achievements and contributions to space science. I chose her because she inspired me and others around the world to never give up. Throughout her school years she was discriminated on her skin color, gender, and ableism, but she didn’t let that pull her down. Maggie Aderin-Pocock showcases girls in STEM career, as well as smashing stereotypes of black women.  Through Women in STEM Maggie Aderin-Pocock says, “the challenge is many girls think ‘that’s not for me.’ I like to show them how varied my career in STEM has been and why we need more diversity.” She is a great role model for young aspiring girls in the STEM career. Although, I do not want to be a space scientist like her, I have an interest in space and the possibilities it holds.

As a child, Maggie moved many times from one area of the county to another. She was the child of two Nigerian immigrants who divorced when she was young. Growing up in London she didn’t feel like she belonged because of her skin color. At the age of eight, she was diagnosed with dyslexia. She struggled in school and often hid in the back of the classroom. The article from the Yale Center for Dyslexia & Creativity explains that one day she had the courage to speak up and raise her hand in class, and when she got it right her world changed. She had an interest in science and stars from a young age. Her father wanted her to go into medicine, but Maggie was more interested in physics. She went to college and persisted even though she was discriminated on her skin color, ableism, and gender. Maggie did not let that stop her and because of her determination, she became a successful space scientist.

Maggie Aderin-Pocock is an important scientist and STEM innovator. According to the St Catharine’s College Cambridge, she worked on the world's most powerful telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope, and runs a company to introduce children to science. She has won many awards like the BAFTA nomination for work on the children’s program "Stargazing", the Yale “Out of the Box Thinker” award winner, and the “Woman of the Year in Innovation” in 2019. These are not the only achievements Maggie has earned. The Black History Month website on Maggie Aderin-Pocock says, “Dr. Aderin-Pocock earned a degree in physics from Imperial College London in 1990 and went on to complete a PhD in mechanical engineering at the same institution in 1994. Her doctoral research focused on developing novel techniques for imaging spacecraft structures, which she later applied to space telescope design.” Because of her persistence, she achieved great things and became a famous space scientist.

Works Cited

“Dame Maggie Aderin-Pocock PhD” St Catharine’s College Cambridge, 2024 https://www.caths.cam.ac.uk/directory/dame-maggie-aderin-pocock-phd.

“Maggie Aderin-Pocock, Ph.D., Space Scientist & Science Communicator” The Yale Center for Dyslexia & Creativity, 6/19/2014. https://dyslexia.yale.edu/story/maggie-aderin-pocock-ph-d/.  

Alfred Nobel was important to science because he invented the Nobel Prize which serves as a way for all the best scientists to be recognized. According to nobelprize.org, “His varied interests are reflected in the prize he established and which he lay the foundation for in 1895 when he wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the prize.” This supports my claim because it states the Nobel made the prize proving my earlier statement. In conclusion, Alfred Nobel was an amazing scientist.

Works Cited:

Brittanica Alfred Nobel | Biography, Inventions, & Facts | Britannica

Live Science The Dark Side of the Nobel Prizes | Alfred Nobel | Live Science

Nobel Prize NobelPrize.org

Ms. Bhandari

7^th Grade English Language Arts

February 14, 2025

Alice Hamilton

Alice Hamilton is interesting to me because she went to Harvard, she is a writer, and she is a Physician. This is interesting to me because I like to write. Also, I  want to go to Harvard. Lastly , she was a Physician this is interesting to me because they work in medicine and cures, and I want to make a medicine that will cure diabetes. I want to cure diabetes because my brother has it and more that 1.5 million people die from it in a year.

Alice Hamilton overcame sexism. She overcame it by breaking barriers and facing discrimination. Also, according to PubMed Central she was the first woman to go to Harvard. And she demonstrated the dangers of working with chemicals according to ACS. She stood up for poor people and women in the National Park Service article.

Alice Hamilton is important to STEM because she laid the foundation for health. According to National Park Service she “learned about how diseases, toxic chemicals, and workplace injuries hurt poorer people the most. Dr. Hamilton fought to end these disparities.” Also, she investigated companies’ safety records and pushed for stronger worker protections. And it says in National Park Service she “promoted the peace movement and women’s rights.”

Works Cited

Wagner, Ella. “Dr. Alice Hamilton” National Park Service, Dr. Alice Hamilton (U.S. National Park Service) -Wagner

“Alice Hamilton: A Legacy of Advancing Occupational Health and Safety Standards” PubMed Central , (Alice Hamilton: A Legacy of Advancing Occupational Health and Safety Standards – PubMed)

7th grade ELA

14 February 2025

Sofya Kovalevskaya

Why I choose Sofya Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya is because she is a mathematician, and she learned math since she was little. I also like math and I’ve also been good at math since I was little. Math is also very difficult to learn and teach. I also like how she did it even though she’s a woman, and some women give up because they get made fun of. Boys like to say that girls have a smaller brain and so they aren’t smart enough to do math. That’s important to me because I also don’t like to give up on stuff I do just because I get made fun of for doing it.

Sofya Kovalevskaya is a woman, so she overcame sexism. She was the first women in Europe to gain a Postgraduate academic degree. In Britannica it says, “She was the first woman in modern Europe to gain a doctorate in mathematics, the first to join the editorial board of a scientific journal, and the first to be appointed professor of mathematics.” In 1874. This supports that she was the first women in modern Europe to gain a doctorate also known as a Postgraduate academic degree. So, she overcame sexism because she was the first women to do those things.

Sofya Kovalevskaya is important to Mathematics because she was the first women in Europe to get a postgraduate academic degree. She also did a lot of things like she taught math at University of Heidelberg. Sofya also has a theorem named after her. She also wrote about the math she taught. In Britannica it says, “Her paper on partial differential equations, the most important of the three papers, won her valuable recognition within the European mathematical community.” She wrote about her different equations. She has a lot of accomplishments in her field of STEM that’s why she’s important to Mathematics.

Bhandari

Language Arts 7

18 February 2025

Bessie Coleman’s Incredible Story

Bessie Coleman, was born in Waxahachie Texas January 26, 1892, in a one-room cabin she was one

of 13 children her mother was African American, and her dad was Native American.

 She was born with segregation and sexism with her being African American and an indigenous young woman. But she didn’t let this stop her from completing her dreams of being a pilot one day.

 When she was 7, she started going to school, the school was a one-room school holding grades

1-8 with a lack of pencils and learning materials it didn’t matter she was the top student in her

class with math classes.

 But what she didn’t know was that a tragedy would happen, in 1901 her father would sadly

 leave her the racism and segregation got to him, and he went to try to get a better life and

hopefully, become a citizen.

But Gorge the dad was Indian, so they decided to move to Oklahoma in Indian territory so they

would hopefully get away from most of the racism for a better life.

This was hard for her mom because she was 45 at the time. Showing this persistence and strength is amazing because it shows her strength and capability. She wasn’t going to let these things stop her, so I was inspired to pick her.

 Susan Coleman a 45-year-old single mother it was hard, but Susan soon became an inspiration

Bessie by telling Bessie about the story of Harriet Tubman along with Uncle Tom’s Cabin as

 bedtime story.

When she was 12, she was accepted into the Missionary Baptist Church school and decided to get a job working and saving money until she had enough money to enroll in Langston University in Oklahoma.

 But was had to be cut short for her college off after the first semester because of money so she decided to go back to Chicago.

 When she got back to Chicago she decided to move in with her brother, this is where she would

often go to a library and listen to pilots returning home after the war. This made her interested in becoming a pilot.

She took a second job to get money,

but at the time American schools were not accepting African American people inside their

schools, but one day her brother John who served in France during the First World War and said to Bessie, “I

Know Something that French women do that you’ll never do…fly!” this hurt Bessie Coleman not because he just said that, but he was her brother a family member who grew up with her was doubting her. This made the mad and determined and as soon as she got the money she bought the ticket and enrolled.

That flipped something in her head in where she decided to learn French and travel to France to

get a flying license to purse her passion of flying in where she graduated on June 15, 1921

Then in September 1922 returning to the United States with a goal of fly where she was accepted

in the airshow honoring all-black 369^th infantry regiment of the first world war.

Making her dreams come true after a 20-year long fight, she did it with discipline, mindset, and

an education she overcame adversities.

 being an African American woman in a hard time in which they hard not as many rights not to

forget about the segregation she was being forced to follow.

 By breaking these “rules”, she became an inspiration to many people including me with writing

this paper and it had me thinking about how hard it was that she went through so she could

achieve these things.

From her father leaving her and her brother doubting her this showed with hard work anything is

possible.

 This was why I wrote about her, and this was my take of Bessie Coleman and her amazing story.

Cited information:

Lauria-Blum, Julia. “Bessie Coleman” Cradle of Aviation Museum. 7 June 2019, https://www.cradleofaviation.org/history/history/women-in-aviation/bessie-coleman.html.

Nathinal women’s history museum, Mathias, Marisa Bessie Coleman https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/bessie-coleman

Ms. Bhandari

7^th Grade English Language Arts                         

14 February 2025

                                              Kate LoMedico Marriot Research Paper

            Kate LoMedico Marriot is an invertebrate paleontologist and oceanographic artist. She takes fossils and draws what they would look like when they were alive. She mostly draws ammonoids, but also draws other historical creatures, ocean animals, and sometimes does anthropology. I chose her for many reasons, one of them is she’s a paleontologist and I have been interested in paleontology since I was little. Another reason I chose her is because not only is she a paleontologist but she’s a paleo artist! I was really intrigued by this because I have always loved to do art and paleontology, so you get the best of both worlds. The last reasons I chose her is because she is an amazing person, she is a woman, which is very rare in paleontology, as well as part of the LGBTQ+ community. With me being both a woman and part of that community, she is very inspiring, and I aspire to be like her.

                Kate has faced many challenges throughout her career. Being a woman she has had experiences where she has been underestimated and sabotaged by men who hold power in her field. As being part of the LGBTQ+ community, she has also faced discrimination because of these reasons. The Science Museum of Virginia spoke to Kate, and she shared her look on women and the LGBTQ+ community in paleontology:

“Paleontology (and science in general) are for everyone, no matter their race, gender, ability, or sexual orientation. As a bi femme, I often feel like I don’t fit into this field, the LGBTQ community, or other parts of society. However, simply being a woman in such a male-dominated field as paleontology comes with its own persistent challenges. For me, these are the challenges that sometimes feel insurmountable. We are constantly underestimated or even sabotaged for a variety of empty ‘reasons’ given by certain men who still hold a disproportionate amount of power in our field. It’s important for unique voices to continue to occupy space in this field because our unique perspectives on all things, personal and professional, complement everyone else’s.”

She has expressed many times she has a very strong opinion on sexism and other issues in paleontology, and as she said science in general. She continues to push for equality in her field of work and it’s very admirable.

            Kate is a part of the Oceans Artists Society, which makes her a very prolific scientific artist. She has had many research studies and museum exhibits over the years. Some of these include, Illustraciencia Inaugural Conference Exhibitions Malaga, Heteromorphic Ammonoids of the Matanuska Formation, Ammonoidea Illuminated: Originals, are just a few. She originally trained in sculpture at State University of New York, but changed fields and got her B.A.in visual arts and a minor in geology. She is most known for her research on ammonoid paleobiology, which includes functional morphology, ontogenetic sequences, phylogenetic bracketing, low-temperature stable-isotope geochemistry, fractal geometry, and recovery after mass extinction events. A lot of those topics are complicated and confusing to understand, if you want to find out more go to her website, Paleoart | Kate LoMedico Marriott. She has also participated in other research projects with the Paleontology Research Group at Brooklyn College. Her work on illustrating ammonoids is some on the best paleoart and the most recognizable in the field.

Works Cited

“More Pride and Paleontology: LGBTQ+ Scientists Part Two” Science Museum of Virginia, June 23, 2021. https.//smv.org/learn/blog/pride-paleontology-highlighting-more-lgbtq-scientists/

Marriott, Kate. “About Me” Paleoart | Kate LoMedico Marriott, 2008. https://www.katelomedicomarriot.com

Ms. Bhandari
7th Grade English Language arts

14 February 2025

Benjaman Bradley Research Paper

My person is Benjaman Bradley. Benjaman Bredley was a steam engine engineer. He’s most famous one that he made was the one inside the USS Princeton, a steam powered wooden war ship. I picked him because when I grow up, I want to be an engineer. since he was black he had some struggles.

Benjaman Bradley was born in 1830, and he was black. Since he was black and born in the 1800s, he was born into slavery. Since he was born into slavery, it wasn’t very easy to learn. In fact, he taught himself. Donna Washington from Blogpost said,” Yes, he is yet another self-taught engineer.” But he didn’t do that without having an impact.

He also had an impact on steamboat engineering because he made a steam engine powerful enough to move an ironclad warship with great speed. He tried to get a patent for it but his slave owner claimed that everything Bradley created was actually his. So he didn’t patent it, however, the navy did buy it so they could install it in their warships. Donna Washington from Blogpost said, “he wanted to paten his invention, but the slaver claimed that anything Bradly created actually belonged to him, and he should get all of the fruits of that work.” That is how he had an impact on his engineering.

Works cited

Washington, donna. “25-Benjamin Bradly – Steam Engine Dominance” blog post, 25 February 2019. https://donnawashingtonstoryteller.blogspot.com/2019/02/25-benjamin-bradley-steam-engine.html.

“from slave to innovator” black inventor. https://blackinventor.com/benjamin-bradley/.